Accurate regulation of the liquid level in a quadruple tank system (QTS) is not easy and imposes higherrequirements on control strategies, so the design of controllers in these systems is challenging dueto the difficulty of dynamic analysis of its nonlinear characteristics and parametric uncertainties.To overcome these problems in liquid level regulation and increase the robustness to the pumpcoefficients, this article proposes and investigates the use of an optimal hybrid fractional-ordertype-2 fuzzy-PID (OH-FO-T2F-PID) regulator using a combination of two bio-inspired evolutionaryoptimizers, namely augmented grey wolf optimizer and cuckoo search optimizer, which gives rise tothe new hybrid A-GWOCS algorithm. This control mechanism was chosen to facilitate the convergenceof the water liquids in the two tanks as quickly as possible to the corresponding required values. Inaddition, a collaborative optimization technique with several objectives is used to adjust the regulatorparameters. The capability and efficiency of the suggested regulator is first investigated throughcomputer simulation results and then confirmed by real-time control experimental results on the QTSbased on dSPACE 1104 computation engine. The findings showed that the suggested OH-FO-T2F-PIDregulator significantly outperformed both the optimized ADRC and the OH-FO-T1F-PID regulators.Specifically, it reduced the rising time by 17.02% and 95.21%, respectively, and the settling time by25.13% and 74.28%. Additionally, the designed OH-FO-T2F-PID regulator successfully eliminatedthe steady-state error and overshoot, enabling precise regulation of the QTS, and maintenance theliquid level at the desired set point under a wide range of working situations. The robustness of therecommended regulator is also studied by considering − 50% disturbance in the QTS parameters, andthe findings showed that the OH-FO-T2F-PID regulator is less susceptible to variations in parameters.Keywords: Quadruple tank system (QTS), Optimal hybrid fractional order type 2 fuzzy PID regulator,Hybrid A-GWOCSO algorithm, Multi-objective optimization, dSPACE 1104 computation engine

Background: Community-based health insurance (CBHI) is an emerging form of microhealth insurance that relies on theprinciple of solidarity, with community members pooling money to help with medical expenses. The level of household heads’satisfaction with CBHI schemes is more likely to affect their decision to remain enrolled and the entrance of new members.However, studies regarding household heads’ satisfaction with the CBHI schemes are scarce in Ethiopia. Therefore, this studyaimed to determine the level of satisfaction with CBHI schemes and associated factors among heads of households inNorthwest Ethiopia.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1–30, 2022. A stratified random samplingtechnique with multistage sampling was used to select 604 study participants. A face-to-face interview was conducted using apretested structured questionnaire. Both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. An adjustedodds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was computed to evaluate the strength of the association, and variableswith a p value < 0 05 at a 95% CI were considered statistically significant.Results: This study found that about 56.1% of household heads were satisfied with the CBHI schemes. Being older age(AOR = 1 85; 95% CI: 1.17, 2.94), rural residence (AOR = 4 13; 95% CI: 2.24, 7.62), visited only health center (AOR = 0 34;95% CI: 0.20, 0.55), distance from a health facility (AOR = 3 18; 95% CI: 1.82, 5.55), agreement with prescribed drugs(AOR = 2 31; 95% CI: 1.36, 3.92), friendliness with healthcare provider (AOR = 3 65; 95% CI: 2.18, 6.10), and had a goodknowledge of benefit packages (AOR = 3 00; 95% CI: 1.93, 4.67) were significantly associated with household head satisfaction.Conclusion: The overall satisfaction of household heads with the CBHI schemes was good. The type of health facility visited,residence, age, distance from health facilities, relationship with healthcare providers, agreement with prescribed medications,and knowledge of community based health insurance were significantly associated with participants’ satisfaction. Thus, thesefindings suggest that improving access to healthcare services, fostering better relationships between healthcare providers andbeneficiaries, and enhancing awareness of CBHI benefits could further increase satisfaction levels among households.Keywords: community-based health insurance (CBHI); Ethiopia; household; satisfaction

This paper provides an in-depth analysis and performance evaluation of four Solar Radiance (SR)prediction models. The prediction is ensured for a period ranging from a few hours to several days ofthe year. These models are derived from four machine learning methods, namely the Feed-forwardBack Propagation (FFBP) method, Convolutional Feed-forward Back Propagation (CFBP) method,Support Vector Regression (SVR), and the hybrid deep learning (DL) method, which combinesConvolutional Neural Networks and Long Short-Term Memory networks. This combination results inthe CNN-LSTM model. Additionally, statistical indicators use Mean Squared Error (MSE), Root MeanSquared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), andNormalized Root Mean Squared Error (nRMSE). Each indicator compares the predicted output by eachmodel above and the actual output, pre-recorded in the experimental trial. The experimental resultsconsistently show the power of the CNN-LSTM model compared to the remaining models in terms ofaccuracy and reliability. This is due to its lower error rate and higher detection coefficient (R2 = 0.99925).Keywords: Artificial neural networks, Convolutional neural network, Convolutional feed-forward backpropagation, Deep learning, Feed-forward back propagation, Long short-term memory, Solar radianceforecasting

Hate speech has been disseminated more frequently on social media sites like Facebook in recent years. OnFacebook, hate speech can proliferate through text, image, or video. We suggested a deep learning approach toidentify offensive memes posted on Facebook in case of Amharic language’. The research process commenced bymanually gathering memes posted by Facebook users. Next came textual data extraction, annotation, pre-processing, splitting, feature extraction, model development and assessment Amharic OCRs were employed toextract textual data. Character normalization, stop word removal, and unnecessary character removal make upthe text-preprocessing step. Using Stratified KFold the textual dataset is split into the train set (80 %), thevalidation set (10 %) and the test set (10 %). Vectors are created from the preprocessed texts using the Bog ofwords (BOW), TFIDF and word embeddings. Following that, the vectors are fed into Machine learning algo-rithms: NB, DT, RF, KNN, LSVM and LR, and deep learning models that are based on Dense, BiGRU, and BiLSTMalgorithms. The model with the optimal parameters is chosen after numerous experiments. With an accuracy rateof 94 %, the BiLSTM + Dense model, the suggested technique identified nasty meme posts on Facebook written inAmharic.
Keywords: Deep learning, BILSTM, BIGRU, Amharic language hate speech

Abstract: Understanding how land use and land cover (LULC) changes affect soil erosion is essentialfor effective management of watershed areas. This study used Geographic Information Systems(GISs) and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to analyze the impact of LULCchanges on soil erosion in the Dondor Watershed. Remote sensing data, including Landsat andSentinel-2 satellite images, alongside field surveys, topographic data, rainfall, and soil data wereused. The results showed agricultural land as the primary LULC type, increasing from 43.49% in2002 to 59.10% in 2023. Forest and built-up areas also expanded, while grassland decreased. Soilerosion estimates revealed that more than 85% of the watershed experienced very slight erosionthough the average annual soil loss increased from 4.98 t ha−1 year−1 in 2002 to 7.96 t ha−1 year−1in 2023. Agriculture and built-up areas were identified as the primary contributors to erosion. Thisstudy underscores the importance of monitoring LULC dynamics for responsible land managementand conservation efforts in the watershed.Keywords: Dondor watershed; land use land cover change; soil erosion; RUSLE

Erythrina brucei has been applied as a green manure to improve soil fertility in southern Ethiopia.It has been nodulated by indigenous rhizobia. The objectives of this study were to evaluate theeffects of E. brucei inoculation with microbial consortia consisted of Bradyrhizobium shewense,Acinetobacter soli and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)on E. brucei growth, soil nitrogen andphosphorous status after application as a green manure.A field experiment was conducted byinoculating E. Brucei with different microbial consortia. E. brucei inoculated with the microbialconsortia were grown for 150 days. Its shoot length was measured at 60, 90, 120 and 150 daysafter planting. Then, plants were uprooted and mulched as a green manure. The soil nitrogen,available phosphorous and soil organic matter analysis were done. The experimental design wascompletely randomized block design with eight treatments comprised of three replications.Inoculated treatments did not show a significant (p < 0.05) difference in shoot length in the first60 days. However, shoot length was increased between 19.1 and 41.3 %, 10.5–43.4 % and8.7–37.6 %, respectively at 90, 120 and 150 days. The soil organic matter was improved in bothinoculated and un-inoculated treatments. The improvements in the soil organic matter of un-inoculated treatments may be due to the decomposition of un-inoculated plants biomass in thesoil. The B. shewense inoculation improved the soil nitrogen by 17 %. The soil phosphorous wasimproved in 57 % of inoculated treatments. The inoculation of E. brucei with microbial consortiaenhanced its growth and improved soil fertility when applied as a green manure. Inoculating thegreen manure legumes with symbiotically effective rhizobia and plant-beneficial microbes canenhance the growth of E. brucei and its nutrient uptake.
Keywords: Legumes, Soil fertility, Shoot length, Microbial inputs, Organic matter

Intercropping is an essential farming system that combines multiple crop speciessimultaneously. in ethiopia, pepper and Black cumin are interplanted with various crops,influenced by diverse environmental and agronomic factors. this review examines the impactof intercropping pepper and Black cumin on the performance of component crops andsystem productivity in ethiopia. Farmers in tropical regions practice intercropping widely toreduce dependence on monoculture, manage risks from pests, diseases, and climate variability,and enhance resilience. By integrating pepper and Black cumin with other crops, small‑scalefarmers in developing countries like ethiopia diversify crop production and improve yields.Most smallholder farmers in ethiopia cultivate plots smaller than one hectare. the landequivalent ratio is a key measure for evaluating intercropping efficiency. However, indicessuch as relative Yield total, Staple land equivalency ratio, Area time equivalency ratio, andArea Harvest equivalency ratio are also applied globally. these indices help assess the benefitsof intercropping in terms of land use and time management. to maximize productivity,farmers must carefully select crops that balance resource competition, resist pests anddiseases, and ensure yields with superior quality. promoting sustainable intercropping practicescan boost agricultural output and contribute to food security in ethiopia and similar regions.
KEYWORDS: indices; multiple cropping; sole cropping; spatial arrangement

ABSTRACT This study investigates the disparities of urban and rural land rights cadastral registration in Ethiopia, by using the Amhara region as a case study. Althoug h⁠ the country has made promising progress, especially through first and second-leve⁠l rural land registration and certification programs, urban land cadastral registratio n re mai⁠ns underdeveloped, characterized by incomplete coverage, institutional fragmentation, and widespread informal landholding. The study use d a mixed research method by c ollecting both quantitative and qualitative data. For the quantitative data, about 385 respon⁠dents were surveyed across six ru ral and urban sites, whereas the qualitative data we⁠r⁠e collected using ke y i⁠nformant interviews and focus group di⁠scussions. The research was conducted under university sponsorship during a period of restricted field acc⁠ess due to conflict-related⁠ limitations. The co llected d ata were analysed using both descriptive and thematic approaches to compare the⁠ urban and rural areas. The findings show deep stru⁠ctural disparities between urb an and rural a reas. Rura⁠l areas have achieved broader certi fication cover⁠age and higher percei ved tenure security due to co⁠nsist⁠ent⁠ program i mplementat⁠ion, yet still face ser ious challenges, including poor da⁠ta systems, limited skilled⁠ personne⁠l, weak enforcement, and reliance on customary practices. Urba n areas, w⁠hi le more technologically equipped and instit utionally resourced, stru ggle⁠ with legal ambiguities, fragmented governance, high registr⁠ation costs, and informality in peri-urban zone⁠s. The cadastral disparities contribute to unequal tenure security, land disputes, unequal access to land⁠based credit, and unbalanced development outcomes. The study concludes that minimizing the gaps needs harmonized legal frameworks, integrated and coordinated institutions, an d targeted support for both urban and rural cadastral systems. Responding to these issues is important for securing land rights, promoting equitable la n⁠d governance, and bringing sustainable development in Ethiopia Keywords: Cadastre, Land Rights, Urban-Rural Disparities, Land Tenure Security, Ethiopia.

ABSTRACT This study investigates the disparities of urban and rural land rights cadastral registration in Ethiopia, by using the Amhara region as a case study. Althoug h⁠ the country has made promising progress, especially through first and second-leve⁠l rural land registration and certification programs, urban land cadastral registratio n re mai⁠ns underdeveloped, characterized by incomplete coverage, institutional fragmentation, and widespread informal landholding. The study use d a mixed research method by c ollecting both quantitative and qualitative data. For the quantitative data, about 385 respon⁠dents were surveyed across six ru ral and urban sites, whereas the qualitative data we⁠r⁠e collected using ke y i⁠nformant interviews and focus group di⁠scussions. The research was conducted under university sponsorship during a period of restricted field acc⁠ess due to conflict-related⁠ limitations. The co llected d ata were analysed using both descriptive and thematic approaches to compare the⁠ urban and rural areas. The findings show deep stru⁠ctural disparities between urb an and rural a reas. Rura⁠l areas have achieved broader certi fication cover⁠age and higher percei ved tenure security due to co⁠nsist⁠ent⁠ program i mplementat⁠ion, yet still face ser ious challenges, including poor da⁠ta systems, limited skilled⁠ personne⁠l, weak enforcement, and reliance on customary practices. Urba n areas, w⁠hi le more technologically equipped and instit utionally resourced, stru ggle⁠ with legal ambiguities, fragmented governance, high registr⁠ation costs, and informality in peri-urban zone⁠s. The cadastral disparities contribute to unequal tenure security, land disputes, unequal access to land⁠based credit, and unbalanced development outcomes. The study concludes that minimizing the gaps needs harmonized legal frameworks, integrated and coordinated institutions, an d targeted support for both urban and rural cadastral systems. Responding to these issues is important for securing land rights, promoting equitable la n⁠d governance, and bringing sustainable development in Ethiopia Keywords: Cadastre, Land Rights, Urban-Rural Disparities, Land Tenure Security, Ethiopia.

The present day Ethiopia is in multifaceted socio-political crisis. One can mention a number of reasons for the presence of these crisis nation wide. But, needless to say, the venomous ethnic, language and religion based teachings and conceptions that has been sewed to the virgin minds of Ethiopian people for years through ‘anti narratives’ take the lion share. They seriously infected the socio-cultural, religious and cultural assets of the people and destroyed the strong fabrics that form the edifice of Ethiopia as a country. Many Ethiopians including the elite group, have been propagating these anti narratives and have been subserviently celebrating their catastrophic consequences. However, apart from being a lip service for elits and the government, the nature and contribution of these anti narratives for the present socio-political crisis is not studied in a scholarly fashion yet. The components of these anti narratives, the motif and motive behind them and the means of transmission to the generation are not well identified and investigated yet. The present researchers strongly believe that ttheir absence of in depth scientific investigation on anti narratives makes the effort to bring a solution as a nation very difficult and almost impossible.
The present research , therefore, atempted to be part of the nationwide effort to tackle these anti narratives and show the possible solution for the effects they have created on the nation so far at large and the Amhara people in particular. To ttheir effect, a special focus is given to Amhara region, as it is not only one of the most affected areas by these antinarratives but also it is an area being in a serious socio political crisis. Narrative analysis is used as a research design and the data collection, sampling and analysis methods employed in ttheir research will be guided by the principles of ttheir design.