Multimetric assessment is one of the important tools for diagnosing, detecting and measuring impairment inecosystem function in lentic ecosystems. It enhances detection capabilities across a broader variety of stressorsand offers a more complete picture of ecological conditions than single metrics or biological indicators. In thiscontext, a diatom-based multimetric index (MMI-D) has been developed to evaluate the ecological health ofLake Hawassa. Physicochemical and benthic diatom sampling was conducted at nine sites along the lakeshore,representing varying levels of human disturbance, from February to November in2015 and 2016. The sampling siteswere classified a priori into three categories: minimally disturbed (three sites), moderately disturbed (three sites) andhighly disturbed (three sites). This classification, was based on a clustering analysis using the percent disturbancescore (PDS). Of the 24-diatom candidate metrics, only ten were chosen as core metrics for the development ofMMI-D, based on redundancy analysis, reaction to environmental conditions, percent discriminatory efficiency (%DE)and box plots. The newly established MMI-D clearly distinguished between reference and non-reference sites, andbetween the lake’s three clusters. The MMI-D’s performance was validated using independent data sets from lakesHawassa and Ziway and it demonstrated the best capability for discrimination between different disturbance levels.MMI-D 2-stage Least Squares (2SLS) regression analysis revealed an inverse but robust connection with the PDS,indicating its responsiveness to Lake Hawassa habitat quality degradation (n = 9, R2 = 0.921, p < 0.001). The MMI-Drevealed a high %DE (95.1%) and a negative but significant connection with nutrients, total suspended solids (TSS),and turbidity (R2 > 0.6; p < 0.05). Generally, it can be concluded that this index is a powerful tool that could assistendusers by providing a practical method for measuring the ecological quality of Lake Hawassa.Keywords: benthic diatoms, ecological quality, Lake Ziway, redundancy analysis, validation

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) holds signifcant agricultural and nutritional importance in Ethiopia; yet, its pro-duction faces challenges, including suboptimal nitrogen fertilizer management. Te aim of this review was to review the possibleefect of nitrogen fertilizer levels on the production of cabbage in Ethiopia. Nitrogen fertilization signifcantly infuences cabbageyield and quality. Moderate to high levels of nitrogen application enhance plant growth, leaf area, head weight, and yield.However, excessive nitrogen levels can lead to adverse efects such as delayed maturity, increased susceptibility to pests anddiseases, and reduced postharvest quality. In Ethiopia, small-scale farmers use diferent nitrogen levels for cabbage cultivation. InEthiopia, NPSB or NPSBZN fertilizers are widely employed for the growing of various crops such as cabbage. 242 kg of NPS and79 kg of urea are the blanket recommendation for the current production of cabbage in Ethiopia. Te existing rate is not conducivefor farmers. Terefore, small-scale farmers ought to utilize an optimal and cost-efective nitrogen rate to boost the cabbage yield.Furthermore, the efectiveness of nitrogen fertilization is infuenced by various factors including the soil type, climate, cabbagevariety, and agronomic practices. Integrated nutrient management approaches, combining nitrogen fertilizers with organicamendments or other nutrients, have shown promise in optimizing cabbage production while minimizing environmentalimpacts. Te government ought to heed suggestions concerning soil characteristics such as the soil type, fertility, and additionalfactors such as the soil pH level and soil moisture contents.

Abstract: Forests play a crucial role in mitigating theimpacts of climate change by sequestering carbon in theirbiomass and soil. However, Ethiopia faces the threat of soilcarbon emissions due to deforestation and continuous cul-tivation. This study reviewed the analogies in phytobio-mass and soil carbon evaluation methods in Ethiopia.Index-base and year-wise analysis methods were used forthe compilation of the study. Developing nations, such asEthiopia, duly enhance resilient measures to assess forestcarbon stocks for effective climate change mitigation, parti-cularly with reference to emissions from deforestation anddegradation. Even though more than 90% of Ethiopia’senergy comes from forest biomass, deforestation signifi-cantly affects the carbon stored in aboveground biomass,which is the largest reservoir. Estimating forest biomassand carbon emissions entails uncertainties, with errorranges around ±50% for aboveground pools and ±90% forsoil carbon pools. Various tier methodologies are employedby experts to estimate forest biomass and carbon stock emis-sions, with Tier 2 factors serving as default emissions butcountry-specific factors offering improved accuracy overTier 1. Tier 3 methodologies require highly specific inven-tory data on carbon stocks in different pools and commonmeasurements of key carbon stocks. Forest conservationenhances biodiversity, ecosystem resilience, and essentialecosystem services, fostering soil health, regulating watercycles, and supporting diverse plant and animal species.In conclusion, directing efforts towards forest conservationnot only helps maintain biodiversity and ecosystem servicesbut also significantly contributes to mitigating climate change
by enhancing carbon storage capacities and reducing green-house gas emissions.Keywords: allometric equations, carbon stock, carbon accounting, climate change, tie

Abnormal lipid profiles are a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases andrepresent a growing public health concern influenced by socioeconomic, cultural, and ethnic factors. inethiopia, where chronic illnesses are increasingly prevalent, dyslipidemia poses a significant healthburden. this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of abnormallipid profiles and identify associated risk factors among chronically ill patients in ethiopia. Relevantstudies were systematically retrieved from multiple databases, and data were extracted and analyzedusing StAtA/MP 17.0. A weighted inverse variance random-effects model was employed to compute thepooled estimates. the analysis revealed a pooled prevalence of abnormal lipid profiles of 54.14%, withthe highest burden found among diabetic patients (75.75%) and in the Southern Nations, Nationalities,and Peoples Region (69.28%). the likelihood of abnormal lipid profiles was significantly higher amongfemales, individuals older than 40 years, and those with hypertension. these findings highlight theurgent need for routine lipid screening and targeted interventions for high-risk populations to addressthe rising burden of dyslipidemia among chronically ill patients in ethiopia.
Keywords: Lipid profile, dyslipidemia, chronic disease, hypertension, systematic review, meta-analysis, Ethiopia

The world population has increased significantly in urban areas since 1990. Ethiopia, the secondmost populous country in Africa, has experienced rapid urbanization, exerting immense pressure on land allocation in its emerging cities. To address housing demand, the Ethiopian government has prioritized cooperative housing allotments in regional cities; however, the sustainability of this approach remains understudied. This research examines three key objectives: (1) the environmental, social, and economic sustainability of cooperative housing development; (2) urban-rural connectivity challenges and their implications for peri-urban sustainability; and (3) the integration of sustainability considerations in property valuation practices. The study focuses on six emerging cities in West Gojam, East Gojam, North Gojam, and Awi zones (Debremarkos, Bure, Bahir Dar, Injibara, Mota, and Finote Selam), incorporating survey data from 357 households, supplemented by key informant interviews and focus group discussions with planners, property valuers, and municipal officials. Data were analyzed using the Relative Importance Index (RII) and exploratory factor analysis, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches.First, the analysis of urban-rural linkages highlights governance and infrastructure deficits in peri-urban areas, such as poor road quality, inadequate public transport, and fragmented land management. These challenges hinder sustainable integration, necessitating coordinated planning, standardized land-use regulations, and investments in connectivity. Second, the study examines property valuation in city municipalities, revealing inconsistencies in procedures, outdated regulatory frameworks, and a lack of technological adoption (e.g., GIS, blockchain). Recommendations include digitizing valuation processes, aligning practices with market dynamics, and integrating sustainability criteria into regulatory standards. Third, the research assesses cooperative housing, identifying procedural inefficiencies, financial barriers, and informal practices like land flipping as threats to sustainability. Policy reforms, improved governance, and affordable financing mechanisms are proposed to enhance transparency and align cooperative housing with urban planning goals. Collectively, the findings underscore the need for holistic governance reforms, infrastructure investment, and stakeholder collaboration to foster equitable and sustainable urban development in Ethiopia. The study provides actionable insights for policymakers to address these interconnected challenges and advance national development objectives.Keywords: Allotment, Cooperative housing, Ethiopia, land development, Sustainability

Every year, millions die in road accidents globally, imposing significant economic and humanitariancosts. While road traffic accidents are a major health concern, many developing countries, includingEthiopia, struggle to address this issue effectively. Ethiopia ranks second in East Africa for severe roadtraffic accidents, highlighting the need for improved injury reduction strategies. This study introduces anovel approach by chronologically identifying and prioritizing accident black spots in the studied area,Ethiopia. This method provides a valuable tool for transportation authorities and traffic police to targethigh-risk areas for immediate intervention. Focusing on the Dembecha-Injibara highway segment,the study employs both descriptive and inferential analyses, using the Zegeer method to calculateaccident rates. It also uses factors of weight contributing to road traffic accidents and their severityto rank accident-prone areas. The findings reveal that areas near Finote Selam, Banja, and Burie arehighly prone to severe accidents, with specific accident frequencies and priority values identified.Recommendations are offered to address these high-risk areas and mitigate severe traffic accidents inthe study region.Keywords: Road Traffic accidents, Severity, Prioritization and identification of Black Spot

This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of medicinalplants (MPs) used to treat wounds. Methanol and ethyl acetatecrude extracts of four medicinal plants were examined for anti-bacterial efficacy against gram-positive and gram-negativeAmerican Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains. Plant crudeextracts were produced using the maceration technique andanalyzed using qualitative phytochemical tests. The antibacter-ial properties of plant products were evaluated using the agardisc diffusion assay. The broth microdilution method was usedto determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) andminimum bactericidal concentrations. The data were analyzedusing Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The methanol extract ofRumex nervosus had the highest yield (21%). The methanolextracts of all tested MPs tested positive for alkaloids, phenolics,and tannins. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts exhibiteda dose-dependent increase in the growth inhibition zoneagainst all ATCC. The methanol extract of Plantago lanceolatademonstrated the highest antibacterial activity (16.67 ± 1.15)against Staphylococcus epidermidis. S. aureus and S. epidermidisrecorded a relatively lower MIC (6.25 mg mL−1) from methanolextracts of P. lanceolata, while P. lanceolata and R. nervosusrecorded a lower MBC (25 mg mL−1) against S. aureus.
KEYWORDS: Antibacterial activity; inhibition zone; medicinal plants; MIC; phytochemical; wound

The groundwater level in the Chemoga watershed has been declining due to an increase in water demand, anthropogenicactivities, and climate change effects. This paper uses the WetSpass-MODFLOW coupling to evaluate the groundwater rechargein the Chemoga watershed. The MODFLOW groundwater flow simulation model is then used to simulate the hydraulic headdistribution based on these findings. The input data of WetSpass models are soil, land cover, topography, slope, and ground-water depth, as well as monthly meteorological characteristics (such as temperature, wind speed, and rainfall). The long-termspatial and temporal average annual precipitation of 1,453 mm is distributed as 169 mm (11.63%) groundwater recharge and879 mm (60.5%) surface runoff, while 405 mm (27.87%) is lost through evapotranspiration. In such seasonal variations, thegroundwater head due to the wet/summer stress period varied from 4 to 41 m. While in the dry/winter stress period ground-water head varied from 3.5 to 39.8 m, and also the groundwater head due to the annual stress period varied from 3.7 to 40 m.The findings are extensive and can be applied to water resource management and groundwater resource development in asustainable manner by safeguarding high groundwater recharge locations, and reevaluating allowable groundwater abstractionrates.Key words: ArcGis, Chemoga watershed, groundwater recharge, hydraulic head, MODFLOW, WetSpass-M model

Two new oligomer mixed ligand complexes, comprising 21 ([Co21(phen)42(bipy)21]Cl42 (C2)) and 100 monomerunits ([Co100(phen)200(bipy)100]Cl200 (C3)) were synthesized. These complexes, designated as [Co21(phen)42(-bipy)21]Cl42 (C2) and [Co100(phen)200(bipy)100]Cl200 (C3), were employed for the modification of a glassycarbon electrode (GCE) to detect ciprofloxacin (CPF) in tablet formulations and human urine samples. Bypotentiodynamic deposition, the modified electrodes (poly(C2)/GCE) and (poly(C3)/GCE) were prepared,forming a conductive electroactive film on the GCE surface. The modified electrodes were characterized usingcyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which revealed an increased effective surfacearea and a significant reduction in charge transfer resistance of the electrode. An oxidative peak at a lowerpotential with a six-fold increase in peak current was observed at the poly(C2)/GCE. The absence of a reductivepeak in the reverse scan indicated the irreversibility of the electrochemical oxidation of CPF. The correlationcoefficient between the peak current and the square root of the scan rate indicated that CPF oxidation at the poly(C2)/GCE was primarily controlled by diffusion mass transport. With a detection limit of 3.4 × 10 9 M, thevoltammetric current response of CPF at the poly(C2)/GCE under optimal circumstances showed a linear trendwith concentrations ranging from 5.0 × 10 8 to 2.0 × 10 4 M. It was discovered that the CPF levels in theexamined tablet brands fell between 98.35 % and 101.30 % of their stated ranges. The recovery results for tabletand urine samples ranged from 99.44 % to 99.95 % and 99.25 % to 100.51 %, respectively, with interferencerecovery showing an error of less than 4.73 %. When it came to determining CPF in tablet formulations andhuman urine samples, the new approach outperformed recently published voltammetric methods. This superi-ority can be attributed to the simplicity of the electrode modification step, the lowest limit of detection, and areasonably wide linear dynamic range.
Keywords: Electrochemical determination; Ciprofloxacin; Poly(μ-4,4′-bipyridine(bis(1,10-phenanthroline))cobalt(II)chloride)); Glassy carbon electrodeTablet formulations

Precision agriculture technologies (PATs) transform crop production by enabling more sustainable and efcient agriculturalpractices. Tese technologies utilize data-driven approaches to optimize the management of crops, soil, and resources, thusenhancing both productivity and environmental sustainability. Tis article reviewed the application of PATs for sustainable cropproduction and environmental sustainability around the globe. Key components of PAT include remote sensing, GPS-guidedequipment, variable rate technology (VRT), and Internet of Tings (IoT) devices. Remote sensing and drones deliver high-resolution imagery and data, enabling precise monitoring of crop health, soil conditions, and pest activity. GPS-guided machineryensures accurate planting, fertilizing, and harvesting, which reduces waste and enhances efciency. VRToptimizes resource use byallowing farmers to apply inputs such as water, fertilizers, and pesticides at varying rates across a feld based on real-time data andspecifc crop requirements. Tis reduces over-application and minimizes environmental impact, such as nutrient runof andgreenhouse gas emissions. IoT devices and sensors provide continuous monitoring of environmental conditions and crop status,enabling timely and informed decision-making. Te application of PAT contributes signifcantly to environmental sustainabilityby promoting practices that conserve water, reduce chemical usage, and enhance soil health. By enhancing the precision ofagricultural operations, these technologies reduce the environmental impact of farming, while simultaneously boosting cropyields and proftability. As the global demand for food increases, precision agriculture ofers a promising pathway to achievingsustainable crop production and ensuring long-term environmental health.Keywords: environmental sustainability; precision agriculture technologies; precision farming; sustainable crop production