Leptospirosis and melioidosis are emerging tropical diseases that are seriously affecting both human and animal populationsworldwide. The actual incidence and fatal cases of the diseases are underreported due to a lack of awareness of the diseases,underuse of clinical microbiology laboratories test, and limitations of the model. In this paper, a new deterministicmathematical model for the coinfection of leptospirosis and melioidosis with optimal controls is presented. Based on the next-generation matrix approach, the basic reproduction numbers for the coinfection model as well as for submodels are computedto analyze their dynamics behavior. The disease-free equilibrium point of the melioidosis-only submodel is proven to beglobally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number (R0m) is less than unity, whereas the existence of its uniquepositive endemic equilibrium is shown if R0m > 1. Based on the center manifold theory, the endemic equilibrium point of theleptospirosis-only submodel is proven to be locally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number (R0l ) is greaterthan unity. The disease-free equilibrium point of the full model is locally asymptotically stable whenever the basicreproduction number (R0ml) less than unity. Sensitivity analysis for the basic reproduction number of the model is performedto determine the most influencing parameters on the transmission dynamics of the model. Furthermore, the model wasextended into an optimal control problem by incorporating four time-dependent control functions. Pontryagin’s maximumprinciple was used to derive the optimality system for the optimal control problem. The optimality system was simulated usingthe forward–backward sweep method to show the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different optimal control strategies incombating the burden of leptospirosis–melioidosis coinfection. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was applied todetermine the most cost-effective strategy. The numerical results revealed that Strategy 6 which implements a combination ofall optimal control measures is the most effective strategy for minimizing the spread of the coinfection of the epidemics,whereas Strategy 1 which implements rodenticide control measure is the most effective when available resources are limited.Keywords: coinfection; cost-effectiveness; leptospirosis; melioidosis; numerical simulation; optimal control; sensitivity analysis

In Amhara region of Ethiopia, armed conflict was affecting the multiple dimensions of human life, encompassing social structures, economic systems, education access, healthcare availability, and political landscapes. This research report aimed to comprehensively analyze the socio-economic and political consequences of the ongoing armed conflict in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia, particularly in the East and West Gojjam Zones. By employing an integrated research approach, the study investigated three main themes: economic effect, social effect, and political implications. The economic aspect assessed effects on household poverty, living costs, market dynamics, and key economic sectors using poverty indices and other metrics. Social effect had been evaluated through health and education facilities, maternal and child health services, availability of medical supplies, and humanitarian costs like displacement and loss of lives. Additionally, political ramifications, including effects on democratic institutions, crime, human rights violations, and local governance structures explored properly. A stratified random sampling technique was employed. Cross-sectional household survey was conducted from 1078 urban and rural households. Data collected through surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and document reviews in selected towns and districts within the East and West Gojjam Zones, ensuring representation of affected populations. A comparative analysis technique was used to compare the parameters before and after the ongoing armed conflict. The findings of the study revealed that the ongoing armed conflict in East and West Gojjam Zones has resulted in profound economic, social, and political consequences. Due to the conflict, households are experiencing increasing poverty as a result of unstable markets, rising living expenses, and disrupted livelihoods. Financial insecurity has increased as a result of large losses in important industries including trade and agriculture. The region's economic resilience has been further strained by the conflict's significant human and material costs. Regarding to the social effect, public health and education services have been negatively damaged by the conflict on a social level. Medical supply shortages and decreased use of maternity and child health services plague health institutions, and disruptions in education services restrict access to educational possibilities. There has been a significant humanitarian cost, with long-term social instability brought on by relocation and fatalities. Finally, in terms of politics, the war has undermined democratic institutions and systems of government. While human rights breaches continue to be a major concern, insecurity has increased due to the proliferation of crimes like looting and extrajudicial killings. The instability of local administration has complicated recovery attempts. The findings aim to deepen understanding of the conflict's effects, informing evidence-based interventions and policies for mitigating adverse effects and promoting sustainable peace and development. In order to address these effects and guarantee long-term peace and prosperity in the study area, priorities should be given to conflict resolution and peace building efforts followed by development of recovery programs such as reconstruct social services, restore economic stability, and fortify political institutions. Key Words: Armed conflict; socioeconomic effect; Political effect; Amhara Region; East Gojjam Zone; West Gojjam Zone; Ethiopia

Composite insulators demonstrate superior electrical performance in contrast to standard insulators.Nevertheless, the deterioration of composite insulator and the challenges in identifying defects arethe primary drawbacks of these insulators. This study investigates the effect of water droplets onthe electrical behavior of composite insulators, which are widely used in high-voltage applications.Using COMSOL software, a Finite Element Model (FEM) was developed to simulate the electric fielddistribution on the surface of a composite insulator in the presence of water droplets. The resultsindicate that the existence of water droplets increases the electric field intensity by approximately33.33% when the number of droplets increases from two to six. The simulations also reveal that waterdroplets significantly increase the electric field’s intensity, which affects the electric field and potentialdistribution on the insulator’s surface. Furthermore, the conductivity of water droplets was found tohave a negligible impact on the electric field distribution along the insulator. To systematically evaluatethe influence of various factors, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed in combinationwith Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to analyze the interactions between water droplet number,pollution, and applied voltage. The statistical analysis demonstrated that the maximum electric fieldintensity increased by nearly 38.3% as water droplet conductivity rose from low to high levels. RSMwas used to generate a second-order polynomial model that describes the relationship between thesefactors and the electrical performance of the insulator, allowing for the identification of significanttrends and interactions. The findings provide valuable insights for the design and development ofcomposite insulators that are more resilient to environmental factors, enhancing their overall electricalperformance.Keywords: ANOVA, Composite insulator, Electric field, FEM, Water droplet

Multimetric assessment is one of the important tools for diagnosing, detecting and measuring impairment inecosystem function in lentic ecosystems. It enhances detection capabilities across a broader variety of stressorsand offers a more complete picture of ecological conditions than single metrics or biological indicators. In thiscontext, a diatom-based multimetric index (MMI-D) has been developed to evaluate the ecological health ofLake Hawassa. Physicochemical and benthic diatom sampling was conducted at nine sites along the lakeshore,representing varying levels of human disturbance, from February to November in2015 and 2016. The sampling siteswere classified a priori into three categories: minimally disturbed (three sites), moderately disturbed (three sites) andhighly disturbed (three sites). This classification, was based on a clustering analysis using the percent disturbancescore (PDS). Of the 24-diatom candidate metrics, only ten were chosen as core metrics for the development ofMMI-D, based on redundancy analysis, reaction to environmental conditions, percent discriminatory efficiency (%DE)and box plots. The newly established MMI-D clearly distinguished between reference and non-reference sites, andbetween the lake’s three clusters. The MMI-D’s performance was validated using independent data sets from lakesHawassa and Ziway and it demonstrated the best capability for discrimination between different disturbance levels.MMI-D 2-stage Least Squares (2SLS) regression analysis revealed an inverse but robust connection with the PDS,indicating its responsiveness to Lake Hawassa habitat quality degradation (n = 9, R2 = 0.921, p < 0.001). The MMI-Drevealed a high %DE (95.1%) and a negative but significant connection with nutrients, total suspended solids (TSS),and turbidity (R2 > 0.6; p < 0.05). Generally, it can be concluded that this index is a powerful tool that could assistendusers by providing a practical method for measuring the ecological quality of Lake Hawassa.Keywords: benthic diatoms, ecological quality, Lake Ziway, redundancy analysis, validation

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is the most important commercial vegetable crop widely grown throughout the world. It is also animportant bulb crop in Ethiopia. However, its production and productivity are restricted by diferent factors, including biotic andabiotic stresses. Tis review investigates the potential impacts of spacing and varieties on onion yield and yield components inEthiopia. Countries around the world are producing onion for its nutritional value, medicinal properties, minerals, proteins, andcarbohydrates. In terms of production, onion ranks second only after tomatoes. Te average onion yield in Ethiopia is estimated tobe 8.8 tons/ha, while in the world, it is approximately 19.7 tons/ha. Inappropriate spacing and inadequate onion varieties are someof the limitations widely described for yield variation in Ethiopia. Tus, to control the size, shape, and yield of onion bulbs, spacingdetermination and variety improvement are some of the techniques currently employed in Ethiopia. Adama red, Bombay red, andred creole are some of the known varieties in the country, and the intrarow spacings for Adama red and Bombay red are reported tobe 4 cm and 6 cm, respectively. Diferent spacing between onion plants afects how much they produce and other factors such assize and quality, depending on the variety. It is important to assess whether changing spacing makes sense from both a farmingand economic standpoint, alongside considering other agricultural methods.

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) holds signifcant agricultural and nutritional importance in Ethiopia; yet, its pro-duction faces challenges, including suboptimal nitrogen fertilizer management. Te aim of this review was to review the possibleefect of nitrogen fertilizer levels on the production of cabbage in Ethiopia. Nitrogen fertilization signifcantly infuences cabbageyield and quality. Moderate to high levels of nitrogen application enhance plant growth, leaf area, head weight, and yield.However, excessive nitrogen levels can lead to adverse efects such as delayed maturity, increased susceptibility to pests anddiseases, and reduced postharvest quality. In Ethiopia, small-scale farmers use diferent nitrogen levels for cabbage cultivation. InEthiopia, NPSB or NPSBZN fertilizers are widely employed for the growing of various crops such as cabbage. 242 kg of NPS and79 kg of urea are the blanket recommendation for the current production of cabbage in Ethiopia. Te existing rate is not conducivefor farmers. Terefore, small-scale farmers ought to utilize an optimal and cost-efective nitrogen rate to boost the cabbage yield.Furthermore, the efectiveness of nitrogen fertilization is infuenced by various factors including the soil type, climate, cabbagevariety, and agronomic practices. Integrated nutrient management approaches, combining nitrogen fertilizers with organicamendments or other nutrients, have shown promise in optimizing cabbage production while minimizing environmentalimpacts. Te government ought to heed suggestions concerning soil characteristics such as the soil type, fertility, and additionalfactors such as the soil pH level and soil moisture contents.

Abstract: Forests play a crucial role in mitigating theimpacts of climate change by sequestering carbon in theirbiomass and soil. However, Ethiopia faces the threat of soilcarbon emissions due to deforestation and continuous cul-tivation. This study reviewed the analogies in phytobio-mass and soil carbon evaluation methods in Ethiopia.Index-base and year-wise analysis methods were used forthe compilation of the study. Developing nations, such asEthiopia, duly enhance resilient measures to assess forestcarbon stocks for effective climate change mitigation, parti-cularly with reference to emissions from deforestation anddegradation. Even though more than 90% of Ethiopia’senergy comes from forest biomass, deforestation signifi-cantly affects the carbon stored in aboveground biomass,which is the largest reservoir. Estimating forest biomassand carbon emissions entails uncertainties, with errorranges around ±50% for aboveground pools and ±90% forsoil carbon pools. Various tier methodologies are employedby experts to estimate forest biomass and carbon stock emis-sions, with Tier 2 factors serving as default emissions butcountry-specific factors offering improved accuracy overTier 1. Tier 3 methodologies require highly specific inven-tory data on carbon stocks in different pools and commonmeasurements of key carbon stocks. Forest conservationenhances biodiversity, ecosystem resilience, and essentialecosystem services, fostering soil health, regulating watercycles, and supporting diverse plant and animal species.In conclusion, directing efforts towards forest conservationnot only helps maintain biodiversity and ecosystem servicesbut also significantly contributes to mitigating climate change
by enhancing carbon storage capacities and reducing green-house gas emissions.Keywords: allometric equations, carbon stock, carbon accounting, climate change, tie

Abnormal lipid profiles are a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases andrepresent a growing public health concern influenced by socioeconomic, cultural, and ethnic factors. inethiopia, where chronic illnesses are increasingly prevalent, dyslipidemia poses a significant healthburden. this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of abnormallipid profiles and identify associated risk factors among chronically ill patients in ethiopia. Relevantstudies were systematically retrieved from multiple databases, and data were extracted and analyzedusing StAtA/MP 17.0. A weighted inverse variance random-effects model was employed to compute thepooled estimates. the analysis revealed a pooled prevalence of abnormal lipid profiles of 54.14%, withthe highest burden found among diabetic patients (75.75%) and in the Southern Nations, Nationalities,and Peoples Region (69.28%). the likelihood of abnormal lipid profiles was significantly higher amongfemales, individuals older than 40 years, and those with hypertension. these findings highlight theurgent need for routine lipid screening and targeted interventions for high-risk populations to addressthe rising burden of dyslipidemia among chronically ill patients in ethiopia.
Keywords: Lipid profile, dyslipidemia, chronic disease, hypertension, systematic review, meta-analysis, Ethiopia

The world population has increased significantly in urban areas since 1990. Ethiopia, the secondmost populous country in Africa, has experienced rapid urbanization, exerting immense pressure on land allocation in its emerging cities. To address housing demand, the Ethiopian government has prioritized cooperative housing allotments in regional cities; however, the sustainability of this approach remains understudied. This research examines three key objectives: (1) the environmental, social, and economic sustainability of cooperative housing development; (2) urban-rural connectivity challenges and their implications for peri-urban sustainability; and (3) the integration of sustainability considerations in property valuation practices. The study focuses on six emerging cities in West Gojam, East Gojam, North Gojam, and Awi zones (Debremarkos, Bure, Bahir Dar, Injibara, Mota, and Finote Selam), incorporating survey data from 357 households, supplemented by key informant interviews and focus group discussions with planners, property valuers, and municipal officials. Data were analyzed using the Relative Importance Index (RII) and exploratory factor analysis, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches.First, the analysis of urban-rural linkages highlights governance and infrastructure deficits in peri-urban areas, such as poor road quality, inadequate public transport, and fragmented land management. These challenges hinder sustainable integration, necessitating coordinated planning, standardized land-use regulations, and investments in connectivity. Second, the study examines property valuation in city municipalities, revealing inconsistencies in procedures, outdated regulatory frameworks, and a lack of technological adoption (e.g., GIS, blockchain). Recommendations include digitizing valuation processes, aligning practices with market dynamics, and integrating sustainability criteria into regulatory standards. Third, the research assesses cooperative housing, identifying procedural inefficiencies, financial barriers, and informal practices like land flipping as threats to sustainability. Policy reforms, improved governance, and affordable financing mechanisms are proposed to enhance transparency and align cooperative housing with urban planning goals. Collectively, the findings underscore the need for holistic governance reforms, infrastructure investment, and stakeholder collaboration to foster equitable and sustainable urban development in Ethiopia. The study provides actionable insights for policymakers to address these interconnected challenges and advance national development objectives.Keywords: Allotment, Cooperative housing, Ethiopia, land development, Sustainability

This study examines the role of external actors in Ethiopia’s ongoing national dialogue, with a particular focus on the Amhara people’s interests. A convergent mixed-methods design, integrating both quantitative and qualitative data, was employed. Findings show that international NGOs shape the dialogue’s legitimacy, inclusivity, and perceived local ownership. While their funding, mediation, and agenda-setting are vital for sustaining the process, many Ethiopians remain skeptical, viewing their involvement as a source of political conditionality, foreign dominance, and threats to sovereignty. Survey results reveal that 78.3% of respondents considered external actors moderately to highly influential, and over 65% saw this role as more problematic than beneficial.The study also assessed internal stakeholders’ involvement. Results indicate that inclusivity remains a major concern, with 85% of respondents believing opposition parties are inadequately represented. The ruling government dominates the agenda, undermining credibility. Civil society organizations, community leaders, and religious figures attempt to link grassroots issues to national debates, but face restrictions and political distrust. Insurgent groups wield influence, yet unconditional inclusion risks legitimizing violence. For the Amhara, skepticism toward the dialogue is particularly pronounced. Central grievances include marginalization in federal politics, unresolved identity and boundary conflicts—most notably Wolkait and Raya ethnic-based violence, and demands for constitutional reform. Despite support from Amhara-affiliated domestic actors and diaspora networks, their influence is curtailed by state control and structural constraints. Moreover, interethnic tensions and perceptions that Amhara claims threaten the ethnic federal order complicate their participation.The findings underscore the paradox of external assistance: simultaneously essential and delegitimizing. To enhance credibility and sustainability, Ethiopia’s national dialogue must prioritize inclusivity, transparency, and meaningful local ownership.
Keywords: Ethiopia, national dialogue, Amhara, conflict resolution, ethnic federalism, transitional justice, inclusive