Foodborne illnesses as a result of poor food handling practicespose a significant threat to public health. The main objective of thissystematic review and meta-analysis was to pool the level ofhygienic food handling practices among food handlers working inpublic food establishments in the Amhara region, Ethiopia. Aninclusive search of databases was undertaken usingPubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and GoogleScholar from the 1st of January 2014 to the 30th of December 2023.Data was collected, entered into Excel, and finally exported toStata V.17 for analysis. Eyeball testing using forest plots, CochraneQ test statistics and I2 had been used to identify and measure het-erogeneity. The pooled prevalence of hygienic food handling prac-tices was estimated using a random effects model. The pooledprevalence of hygienic food handling practices of food handlers inthe Amhara region was 48% [95% confidence interval (CI): (43%,53%)] with significant heterogeneity (I2=94.39%, p

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to identify best hot pepper varieties & planting method for yield and resistance to F. oxysporium in West Gojjam, Ethiopia under field and greenhouse condition. The green house experiment was conducted at Burie Campus by using plastic house prepared with 3.5 m height and an area of 4m by 3 m. The experiment was conducted by transplanting of 6 hot pepper varieties with 2 months seedlings. Inoculation was performed following the standard cut-root dip inoculation technique. Hot-pepper varieties were grouped in to: immune, resistant, moderately resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible. Oda Gibe was the best variety that showed 9.7 % wilt incidence followed by Oda Haro that showed moderately resistant with a reaction of 26.3 % wilt incidence. On the other hand, the field experiment was conducted at Mankus kebele, Jabi Tehinan Districts with a total of 12 treatment combination (6 hot pepper varieties: Bako local, Marko Fana, Melka Awaze, Melka Zala, Oda Gibe and Oda Haro with 2 planting methods: Ridge and flat plant bed).The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Two months old Seedlings were transplanted on plots having an area of 4 m x 3 m (12 m2). Observations of naturally occurring fusarium wilt development was inspected at 7 days interval three times. Growth parameters of hot pepper were affected by the main effects of variety and planting method but insignificantly by their interactions. Besides the varietal effect, the longer plants and more number of primary and secondary branches were recorded from raised bed that has showed less disease incidence than flat planting. On the other hand, all yield related parameters were significantly different by the interaction effect of variety with planting method. The highest mean marketable as well as mean dry total pod weight was obtained from ridge planting of Oda Gibe variety which has showed least susceptibility to fusarium wilt. Oda Gibe and Oda Haro variety integrated with Raised bed significantly reduced Fusarium wilt incidence as compared to the area production system of Marko Fana with flat planting method. However, the experiment was conducted at a single location, so that it would be better if it is repeated over season and location to provide comprehensive recommendations. Key words; - Planting method, Fusarium wilt, hot pepper, Incidence

Agro-nanotechnology—the application of nanotechnology in agriculture—holds immense promise for addressing main challengesin African agriculture and promoting sustainable development. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of how agro-nanotechnology is being utilized across Africa, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize various aspects of agricultural practiceson the continent. Firstly, the utilization of nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanofertilizers, and nanopesticides offersopportunities for enhancing nutrient management, improving soil health, and increasing crop productivity in diverseagroecosystems across Africa. Nanofertilizers, with their controlled release mechanisms, facilitate efficient nutrient uptake byplants, thereby reducing nutrient losses and enhancing fertilizer use efficiency, which is crucial for resource-constrainedsmallholder farmers. Nanopesticides suggest improved efficacy in pest and disease control, reducing environmental harmcompared to traditional pesticides. Their targeted delivery also minimizes off-target effects, which is crucial for Africa’s foodsecurity. Nanosensors also enable real-time monitoring of soil and crop health, enhancing precision agriculture. Nanotechnologyin postharvest management reduces food losses and improves safety. However, its adoption requires careful consideration ofsocioeconomic and regulatory factors to ensure equitable access and environmental safety. Collaborative efforts involvingpolicymakers, researchers, farmers, and other stakeholders are crucial for harnessing the benefits of agro-nanotechnology whileaddressing potential risks and concerns. In conclusion, the integration of agro-nanotechnology into African agriculture presents atransformative opportunity to enhance productivity, resilience, and sustainability, contributing to the continent’s efforts towardachieving food security, economic development, and environmental conservation.Keywords: agro-nanotechnology; nanofertilizers; nanopesticides; nanosensors; precision agriculture

This study aims at exploring the potentials and drawbacks of utilizing social media to promote tourism industry in East Gojjam Zone. The study will be geographically limited to East Gojjam Zone and will not include media platforms other than social media. The research will bring significance to the culture and tourism offices, agencies that work on tourism industry and an input for the government organizations in policy formulation as well as for future researchers. Qualitative research approach with descriptive design will be employed. The population of this study is social media pages of Culture and Tourism Offices of all the woredas found in East Gojjam Zone and of the Zones’ Culture and Tourism Department. The sample will be purposive sampling of all social media pages of the woredas and the zone. Focus group discussion and indepth interview will be conducted in eight selected woredas and zonal culture and tourism office. East Gojjam Zone has 19 woredas including Debre Markos town. The data will be gathered using content analysis of the social media posts, focus group discussion and in-depth interview. In addition, data will also be collected from reports, and publications like newsletters and articles.To collect the data official support letter will be submitted to the Culture and Tourism Department of East Gojjam Zone. The authenticity of social media pages of the woreda tourism offices will be confirmed with the concerned bodies at the zonal level. The collected data using online content, in-depth interview and focus group discussion will be triangulated for data analysis. The researchers expect to find out social media usage patterns and preferences in tourism promotion, social media promotion strategies and implementation, social media regulation and governance in tourism promotion. Atotal budget of 201, 722 ETB will be allocated to conduct the whole study from April to September, 2024.

The work presented in this paper focuses on formulating the development of time-dependent electromagneticfield laws through the application of Gauss’s divergence theorem. The first part of the discussion looks at thebasic ideas of electromagnetism. It focuses on how classical formulations of the laws of electromagnetism can beadapted to account for non-stationary conditions, especially regarding magnetic fluids that don’t conduct elec-tricity. It is suggested that employing Gauss’s divergence theorem could help improve the computational analysisof these generalized equations, which would make them more useful in magnetic fluid dynamics. The paperexamines the intricate interactions between non-conductive particles and conductive fluids under magneticfields. By putting these interactions into a single theoretical framework, this work aims to help us understandnon-stationary electromagnetic phenomena and how they affect many different scientific and engineering fields.The concluding section of the study examines the prospective practical applications of these extended equations.They could enable the development of more advanced electromagnetic devices and systems. Creating a strong setof analytical tools that can find new scientific paths and useful applications is the main goal of the study,particularly in the areas of electromagnetic induction and fluid dynamics. This research offers potential forsubstantial progress in both theoretical comprehension and technological advancement, The proposed method isapplicable to real-world systems such as ferrofluid-based cooling, magnetic dampers, plasma generators, andsmart electromagnetic devices. These applications demonstrate the practical benefits of coupling field behaviorwith boundary dynamics using Gauss’s theorem.
Keywords: Gauss theorem, Non-conductive;Magnetic, Non-stationary, Fluids, Induction

ABSTRACT Background: Blood donation is vital for saving lives, yet Ethiopia faces chronic shortages. Bridging the gap between willingness and actual donation is essential for sustaining blood supplies. This study examined socio-demographic, psychological, and contextual factors influencing blood donation intention and practice in East Gojjam Zone. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey of 1,332 urban adults who met inclusion criteria was conducted using multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected via a structured, pre-tested questionnaire. Descriptive statistics summarized donation patterns, while binary logistic and Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial regressions identified predictors of donation intention and frequency, respectively. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) examined associations among socio-demographic characteristics, psychological factors, donation intention, practice, and behavior. Results: Although 74.8% (95% CI: 72.5–77.1) expressed willingness to donate, only 28.8% (95% CI: 26.4–31.2) had ever donated, and 20.7% (95% CI: 18.5–22.9) had donated in the past two years. Male gender, younger age, higher education, and employment in health or education sectors positively predicted intention and practice. Psychological factors—including self-efficacy (β = 0.53), positive attitudes (β = 0.46), knowledge (β = 0.38), altruism, and social influence (β = 0.28)—were strongly associated with donation. SEM confirmed that intention strongly predicted actual donation (β = 0.62). Barriers included fear of needles, health concerns, and limited awareness. Conclusions: Despite high willingness, actual donation remains low. Multi-sectoral, culturally sensitive strategies—addressing fears, improving knowledge, leveraging social influence, and enhancing accessibility—are critical, especially for women, older adults, and less-educated individuals, to build a resilient, community-driven blood supply. Keywords: Blood donation, intention, practice, socio-demographic factors, psychological determinants, Ethiopia, Structural Equation Modeling

ABSTRACT Background: Blood donation is vital for saving lives, yet Ethiopia faces chronic shortages. Bridging the gap between willingness and actual donation is essential for sustaining blood supplies. This study examined socio-demographic, psychological, and contextual factors influencing blood donation intention and practice in East Gojjam Zone. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey of 1,332 urban adults who met inclusion criteria was conducted using multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected via a structured, pre-tested questionnaire. Descriptive statistics summarized donation patterns, while binary logistic and Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial regressions identified predictors of donation intention and frequency, respectively. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) examined associations among socio-demographic characteristics, psychological factors, donation intention, practice, and behavior. Results: Although 74.8% (95% CI: 72.5–77.1) expressed willingness to donate, only 28.8% (95% CI: 26.4–31.2) had ever donated, and 20.7% (95% CI: 18.5–22.9) had donated in the past two years. Male gender, younger age, higher education, and employment in health or education sectors positively predicted intention and practice. Psychological factors—including self-efficacy (β = 0.53), positive attitudes (β = 0.46), knowledge (β = 0.38), altruism, and social influence (β = 0.28)—were strongly associated with donation. SEM confirmed that intention strongly predicted actual donation (β = 0.62). Barriers included fear of needles, health concerns, and limited awareness. Conclusions: Despite high willingness, actual donation remains low. Multi-sectoral, culturally sensitive strategies—addressing fears, improving knowledge, leveraging social influence, and enhancing accessibility—are critical, especially for women, older adults, and less-educated individuals, to build a resilient, community-driven blood supply. Keywords: Blood donation, intention, practice, socio-demographic factors, psychological determinants, Ethiopia, Structural Equation Modeling

Introduction Functional disability in older adults refers to difficulties in performing daily activities. It is usuallyevaluated based on an individual’s ability to carry out basic activities of daily living and instrumental activities of dailyliving. Although existing studies provide valuable insights, comprehensive global data on functional disability inbasic and instrumental activities of daily living among older adults remain limited. This study aims to review existingresearch worldwide to estimate the overall pooled prevalence of functional disability in these areas.Methods Systematic searches were conducted across EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Google Scholar fromMay 5 to July 11, 2024. Cross-sectional studies worldwide on functional disability in basic and instrumental activitiesof daily living among adults aged 60 and older, published in English up to July 11, 2024 were included. Studies wereexcluded if they did not report the outcomes of interest, were inaccessible, case reports, low quality, review articles,or published in languages other than English. Data extraction and cleaning were performed using Microsoft Excel,and STATA version 17 was used to compute the pooled effect size with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for functionaldisability in both basic activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living among older adults. Toderive these estimates, we used weighted averages, where each study’s prevalence was weighted by the inverse ofits variance. Study heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochrane I² statistic and its associated p-value. Subgroupanalysis and meta-regression were conducted to identify sources of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis was used toevaluate the impact of individual studies on the overall results. Publication bias was assessed with Egger’s test andfunnel plots, and was addressed through trim-and-fill analysis.Results This review includes 35 studies with a total of 133,827 participants. The pooled prevalence of functionaldisability in basic activities of daily living was estimated at 26.07% (95% CI: 19.04–32.74), while on instrumentalactivities of daily living, it was estimated at 45.15% (95% CI: 36.02–54.29). After applying the trim-and-fill method,the adjusted overall prevalence of disability in basic activities of daily living was 15.12%, (a 95% CI: 11.25–19.13%).
subgroup analysis showed highest prevalence in Africa (BADL: 42.91%, IADL: 69.34%) and lowest in Asia (BADL:19.15%, IADL: 32.66%). Participants aged 65 and above, those in institutional settings, and studies with smaller samplesizes tended to report higher levels of functional disability.Conclusions Nearly one-fourth of the study participants had functional disability related to basic activities of dailyliving, while about half experienced disability in instrumental activities of daily living. This emphasizes the needfor continued effort in improving the quality of life and support systems for individuals facing functional disability,particularly in instrumental activities.Keywords Basic activities of daily living, Functional disability, Instrumental activities of daily living, Older adults.

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is vital for over a third of the global population but facessignificant production challenges due to limited adaptable varieties, poor management practices,and environmental factors. New wheat varieties often fail in unfamiliar environments, leading tocrop loss. To address this issue, a study was conducted to evaluate the adaptability, performance,and yield stability of recently released high-performing wheat varieties over two years (2020/2021 and 2021/2022) in four districts of the East Gujjar Zone: Machakel, Debre Elias, Gozamin,and Baso-Liben. The trials were set up using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) withthree replications, and data were collected on the main traits such as days to heading, maturity,plant height, tiller number, spike length, spikelet’s per spike, biomass, and grain yield. AMMI andGEE biplot analysis were used to study genotype by environmental interaction. The combinedanalysis of variance for grain yield showed highly significant effects (P < 0.001) due to genotype(4.98 %), environment (66.83 %), and genotype × environment interaction (31.96 %). Grainyield varied across the environments, ranging from 3.72 t ha 1in Baso-Liben to 3.11 t ha 1 inMachakel. Among the genotypes, Ogolcho had the highest mean yield (4.55 t ha 1), whereasWane had the lowest (2.70 t ha 1). Genotype-by-environment interaction biplot analysis groupedthe eight test environments and six genotypes into two mega-environments and three genotypegroups. Wane, Lemu, and Ogolcho were the stable genotypes. This analysis identified the mostfavorable districts for wheat production and highlighted Ogolcho as the most productive wheatvariety in the study area. The results suggest that farmers in these districts should adopt Ogolchoto enhance wheat yield and increase their income.
Keywords: AMMI, GGE, GIE, PCA, Stability, Wheat

Introduction Nurse burnout negatively impacts patient care quality, safety, and outcomes, while harming nurses’mental health, job satisfaction, and retention. It also imposes financial burdens on healthcare organizations throughabsenteeism, reduced productivity, and higher turnover costs, highlighting the need for research to address thesechallenges. The umbrella review methodology was selected to integrate evidence from multiple systematic reviewsand meta-analyses, offering a broad and in-depth summary of existing research to guide practice and policy. Thisapproach equips stakeholders with a holistic understanding of the multifaceted impacts of nurse burnout, facilitatingthe design of effective interventions that support nurses, enhance healthcare delivery, and optimize patientoutcomes. Consequently, this umbrella review aims to evaluate the global prevalence and contributing factors ofnurse burnout.Methods This umbrella review included 14 systematic reviews and meta-analyses identified from various databases.The quality of each study was assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR II). Data wereextracted using Microsoft Excel and analyzed with STATA 17.0. Heterogeneity was measured using Higgin’s I2 Statistics,and summary prevalence estimates were calculated with the Der Simonian-Laird random-effects model. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses were conducted to identify the source of high heterogeneity. Publication bias wasassessed using funnel plots and Egger’s regression test, with the former providing a visual assessment of bias and thelatter offering a statistical method to detect asymmetry.Results The global prevalence of nurse burnout was evaluated in three areas: emotional exhaustion (33.45%, 95%CI 27.31–39.59), depersonalization (25.0%, 95% CI 17.17-33.00), and low personal accomplishment (33.49%, 95% CI28.43–38.55). Emotional exhaustion was most common among nurses working during the COVID-19 pandemic(39.23%, 95% CI 16.22–94.68). Oncology nurses experienced the highest rate of depersonalization (42%, 95% CI16.71–77.30), while nurses in intensive care units reported the highest rate of low personal accomplishment (46.02%,95% CI 43.83–48.28).
Conclusions Nurse burnout is prevalent worldwide, often marked by a sense of low personal accomplishment.Several factors contribute to this issue, including role conflict, negative emotions, family problems, moral distress,stress, commuting distance, predictability of work tasks, and workplace advancement.Keywords Nurse, Burnout, Determinant factors, And umbrella review