Agro-nanotechnology—the application of nanotechnology in agriculture—holds immense promise for addressing main challengesin African agriculture and promoting sustainable development. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of how agro-nanotechnology is being utilized across Africa, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize various aspects of agricultural practiceson the continent. Firstly, the utilization of nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanofertilizers, and nanopesticides offersopportunities for enhancing nutrient management, improving soil health, and increasing crop productivity in diverseagroecosystems across Africa. Nanofertilizers, with their controlled release mechanisms, facilitate efficient nutrient uptake byplants, thereby reducing nutrient losses and enhancing fertilizer use efficiency, which is crucial for resource-constrainedsmallholder farmers. Nanopesticides suggest improved efficacy in pest and disease control, reducing environmental harmcompared to traditional pesticides. Their targeted delivery also minimizes off-target effects, which is crucial for Africa’s foodsecurity. Nanosensors also enable real-time monitoring of soil and crop health, enhancing precision agriculture. Nanotechnologyin postharvest management reduces food losses and improves safety. However, its adoption requires careful consideration ofsocioeconomic and regulatory factors to ensure equitable access and environmental safety. Collaborative efforts involvingpolicymakers, researchers, farmers, and other stakeholders are crucial for harnessing the benefits of agro-nanotechnology whileaddressing potential risks and concerns. In conclusion, the integration of agro-nanotechnology into African agriculture presents atransformative opportunity to enhance productivity, resilience, and sustainability, contributing to the continent’s efforts towardachieving food security, economic development, and environmental conservation.Keywords: agro-nanotechnology; nanofertilizers; nanopesticides; nanosensors; precision agriculture

This study aims at exploring the potentials and drawbacks of utilizing social media to promote tourism industry in East Gojjam Zone. The study will be geographically limited to East Gojjam Zone and will not include media platforms other than social media. The research will bring significance to the culture and tourism offices, agencies that work on tourism industry and an input for the government organizations in policy formulation as well as for future researchers. Qualitative research approach with descriptive design will be employed. The population of this study is social media pages of Culture and Tourism Offices of all the woredas found in East Gojjam Zone and of the Zones’ Culture and Tourism Department. The sample will be purposive sampling of all social media pages of the woredas and the zone. Focus group discussion and indepth interview will be conducted in eight selected woredas and zonal culture and tourism office. East Gojjam Zone has 19 woredas including Debre Markos town. The data will be gathered using content analysis of the social media posts, focus group discussion and in-depth interview. In addition, data will also be collected from reports, and publications like newsletters and articles.To collect the data official support letter will be submitted to the Culture and Tourism Department of East Gojjam Zone. The authenticity of social media pages of the woreda tourism offices will be confirmed with the concerned bodies at the zonal level. The collected data using online content, in-depth interview and focus group discussion will be triangulated for data analysis. The researchers expect to find out social media usage patterns and preferences in tourism promotion, social media promotion strategies and implementation, social media regulation and governance in tourism promotion. Atotal budget of 201, 722 ETB will be allocated to conduct the whole study from April to September, 2024.

The work presented in this paper focuses on formulating the development of time-dependent electromagneticfield laws through the application of Gauss’s divergence theorem. The first part of the discussion looks at thebasic ideas of electromagnetism. It focuses on how classical formulations of the laws of electromagnetism can beadapted to account for non-stationary conditions, especially regarding magnetic fluids that don’t conduct elec-tricity. It is suggested that employing Gauss’s divergence theorem could help improve the computational analysisof these generalized equations, which would make them more useful in magnetic fluid dynamics. The paperexamines the intricate interactions between non-conductive particles and conductive fluids under magneticfields. By putting these interactions into a single theoretical framework, this work aims to help us understandnon-stationary electromagnetic phenomena and how they affect many different scientific and engineering fields.The concluding section of the study examines the prospective practical applications of these extended equations.They could enable the development of more advanced electromagnetic devices and systems. Creating a strong setof analytical tools that can find new scientific paths and useful applications is the main goal of the study,particularly in the areas of electromagnetic induction and fluid dynamics. This research offers potential forsubstantial progress in both theoretical comprehension and technological advancement, The proposed method isapplicable to real-world systems such as ferrofluid-based cooling, magnetic dampers, plasma generators, andsmart electromagnetic devices. These applications demonstrate the practical benefits of coupling field behaviorwith boundary dynamics using Gauss’s theorem.
Keywords: Gauss theorem, Non-conductive;Magnetic, Non-stationary, Fluids, Induction

Abstract: Food insecurity in peri-urban areas is exacerbated by high living costs, limited access tohealthy food, and economic inequality. Despite its growing prevalence due to factors like land lossfrom urban expansion, food insecurity has received limited attention. In Ethiopia, drastic urbanizationcreates competition for land between agriculture and urban development, which is becoming extremein peri-urban areas., This study aims to assess the impact of urban expansion on food security amongexpropriated peri-urban households in Ethiopia. Using a calorie intake-based food security line, wecategorize respondents as food-secure or -insecure. The research analyzed data from 350 expropriatedperi-urban households through a structured questionnaire, employing descriptive statistics andbinary logistic regression. About 67% of the respondents were classified as food-insecure. The binarylogit model identified several significant determinants of food security, including compensationamount and type, household head demographics, agricultural land rent participation, irrigationand credit access, off-farm income, and organic fertilizer use. To address food insecurity amongexpropriated households, policymakers must prioritize these factors. Government attention andpolicy consideration are crucial to ensure the well-being of these vulnerable populations.Keywords: urban expansion; food insecurity; calorie intake; expropriation; Ethiopia

Introduction Depression and anxiety are prevalent psychological disorders that significantly affect physical,emotional, and social well-being, reducing quality of life and increasing medical costs. These issues are especiallychallenging for cancer survivors, complicating treatment management, affecting adherence, and potentiallyimpacting survival rates. Thus, this umbrella review aimed to evaluate the global prevalence of pain, depression, andanxiety, as well as their determinants among cancer patients.Method An exhaustive umbrella review was conducted to systematically assess the prevalence and determinants ofpain, depression, and anxiety among cancer survivors worldwide by analyzing systematic reviews and meta-analyses.The review involved a thorough search of multiple databases and included studies published in English up to July2024 that reported on these symptoms. The process involved screening and selecting studies based on specificcriteria, assessing the risk of bias using the AMSTAR tool, and analyzing data with statistical methods to determineoverall prevalence and identify predictors. This comprehensive approach aimed to provide a detailed understandingof these psychological issues in cancer survivors and guide future research and interventions.Result The global summary prevalence of depression among cancer survivors was 33.16% (95% CI 27.59–38.74),while anxiety had a prevalence of 30.55% (95% CI 24.04–37.06). Pain prevalence after treatment was 39.77% (95%CI 31.84–47.70). Before treatment, 65.22% (95% CI 62.86–67.57) of cancer patients reported pain, which persistedin 51.34% (95% CI 40.01–62.67) during treatment. The analysis also found that during the COVID-19 pandemic,depression and anxiety rates among cancer patients were at their highest, with prevalences of 43.25% (95% CI41.25–45.26) and 52.93% (95% CI 50.91–54.96), respectively.Conclusion The umbrella review found that depression and anxiety prevalence among cancer survivors was33.16% and 30.55%, respectively, with significantly higher rates during COVID-19 at 43.25% and 52.93%. Key factorscontributing to depression included poor social support, advanced cancer stage, and inadequate sleep, while anxietywas significantly linked to advanced cancer stage and poor sleep quality.
Clinical trial number Not applicable.Keywords Cancer, Oncology, Pain, Depression, Anxiety, Cancer survivors, Systematic review, Meta-analysis, Umbrellareview

The use of metal nanoparticles as antibiotics for resistant pathogens has become a current topic of research. Biosyn-thesized nanoparticles are promising drugs as antibacterial agents by inhibiting bacteria from infectious diseases. Thisstudy aimed at the synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from AgNO 3 solution and Sida schim-periana Hochst. ex A. Rich leaves extract. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR),Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopic techniques and evaluated for antibacterial activi-ties against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coliand Klebsiella Pneumonia) bacteria by the disc diffusion method. The result indicated an initial color change that wasobserved below 400 nm for the leaves extract and 429 nm for AgNPs in the UV–Vis band supporting the synthesis ofsilver nanoparticles. The FTIR peaks at 3447, 1638 and 1413 cm −1 predict the hydroxyl, carbonyl and unsaturated C–Cbonds, respectively, in the plant leaves extract. The XRD analysis showed that the synthesized AgNPs were crystalline innature and face-centered cubic (FCC) structure with an average particle size of 26.27 nm. Furthermore, the synthesizednanoparticles showed antimicrobial activity to both types of bacteria, more significant being on Gram-negative bacteria(E. coli). In conclusion, the leaves extract of Sida schimperiana Hochst. ex A. Rich plant contains bioactive molecules thatare used in the reduction and stabilization of AgNPs as potential antibacterial agents.Keywords: Biosynthesis · Phytochemicals · Antimicrobial resistance · Medicinal plant · Resistant pathogens

ABSTRACT: β-Lactam antibiotics are employed to treat bacterial illnesses.Despite a high level of clinical success, they have encountered serious resistancethat demands a high-dose regimen and a new pharmacokinetic combination. Thisrequires continuous monitoring of their levels in pharmaceutical and biologicalsamples. In this study, an electrochemical sensor was developed for thedetermination of cephalexin (CLN) in pharmaceutical formulations and biologicalfluid samples. The sensors were developed by modifying a glassy carbon electrode(GCE) using a conducting polymer (dipicrylamine) by potentiodynamicelectropolymerization. Characterization (using cyclic voltammetry and electronimpedance spectroscopy) results revealed modification of the electrode surface,leading to an enhanced effective electrode surface area and their conductivity. Theappearance of an irreversible oxidative peak at much-reduced potential with 5-foldcurrent enhancement at a poly(dipicrylamine)-modified glassy carbon electrode(poly(DPA)/GCE) verified the electrocatalytic role toward CLN. Under optimizedconditions, a wider linear concentration range (5 × 10−8 to 3.0 × 10−4 M), lowest limit of detection (LoD) (2.5 nM), detectedamount of each tablet brand above 97.00% of the labeled value (showing excellent agreement between the detected amount andcompany label), and excellent % recovery results in pharmaceutical and biological samples were obtained with an excellentinterference recovery error of less than 4.05%. Its excellent accuracy, selectivity, reproducibility, and stabilities and only requiring asimple electrode modification step combined with its readily available and nontoxic modifier, which sets it apart from mostpreviously reported methods, have validated the present method’s potential applicability for determining CLN in biological andpharmaceutical samples.

Political narrative is an instrument for political actors to construct a shared meaning, and it can be harnessed to harm political opponents. The Italian invaders, the Ethiopian Student Movement, the Tigray People’s Liberation Front, the Oromo Liberation Front, and the incumbent regime contributed in varying degrees to the Amhara domination narrative. TPLF, in its political manifesto and later in the 1995 FDRE constitution, institutionally crafted an anti- Amhara narrative, reaching a crescendo after Abiy Ahmed assumed office in 2018. Thus, this research article tried to scrutinise and weigh the discourse of institutionally crafted Amhara existential threats. The study employed a qualitative research tradition and an exploratory research design approach that involved a political-economic analysis. The study finds that the century-old Amhara domination narrative, coupled with institutionally supported recurrent mass killings and expulsion, especially in Oromia, Benishangul- Gumuz, and Amhara regional states, posed a real and perceived existential threat that gave birth to the Amhara Fano armed struggle.KEYWORDS: Narrative; institution; existential threat; identity;Fano; Amhara

Abstract: The continuous reduction in peri-urban agricultural land due to spatial urban expansionforces subsistence farmers to seek arable land through different land access strategies. Among these,land rental transactions are crucial for accessing arable land across different regions. This studyaimed to examine factors affecting land rental transactions in the peri-urban areas of the East GojjamAdministrative Zone in Ethiopia. Data were collected from 353 household heads of peri-urban areas,who were affected by expropriation. A total of 350 valid responses were analyzed using descriptiveand inferential statistics and an econometrics model. The results indicated that 58% of the respondentsparticipated in both renting and renting out land, which underlines the importance of land rentaltransactions in the peri-urban areas. Specifically, 60% of female-headed households were engagedin land rental transactions, with 14% renting in and 46% renting out land. In contrast, 38% of themale-headed respondents rented land, while only 19% rented out land. The model result identifiedsex, landholding size, number of oxen, participation in off-farm activities, and extension service assignificant determinant variables for renting land. Households made land rental agreements bothorally and in written documents, with oral agreements being more prevalent. Transaction dueswere conducted through sharecropping and fixed rents, with sharecropping being the most commonmethod. Thus, land rental transactions play pivotal roles to support the livelihoods of peri-urbansubsistence farmers.Keywords: land rental; land scarcity; peri-urban; rent; rent out; impacts; gender

Illnesses associated with consuming infected milk and milk products are a widespread problem inlow and middle-income countries. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a bacteriumcommonly found in raw milk and causes foodborne diseases ranging from mild diarrhea to severehemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. This study aimed to investigate the viru-lence gene and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains isolatedfrom raw milk in dairy farms in and around Bahir Dar town. Raw milk samples (n = 128)collected from December 2021 to July 2022 were cultured, and E. coli strains were isolated usingstandard methods. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains were identified genotypically by thepresence of the virulence markers using a single-plex polymerase chain reaction. The antibioticsusceptibility testing of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli isolates was done by the agar disk diffusionmethod. In total, 32 E. coli isolates were recovered from milk samples from lactating animals. PCRscreening of these isolates resulted in 19 (59.3%) positives for Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. Thestx2 gene was detected in 53% of cases, followed by stx1 (31%) and eae (16%. The STEC isolateswere highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin (94.7%) and kanamycin (89.5%), while exhibiting signif-icant resistance to amoxicillin (89.5%) and streptomycin (73.7%). The present study points outthe occurrence of virulent and antibiotic-resistant Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains in raw milkthat could pose a potential risk to public health. Further analysis by whole genome sequencing isnecessary for an in-depth assessment and understanding of their virulence and resistance factors.Moreover, large-scale studies are needed to identify the prevalence and potential risk factors andto prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant STEC strains in the milk production chain.