This study introduces a highly sensitive electrochemical method for detecting paracetamol (PCT) in pharma-ceutical tablets and human serum samples, utilizing a glassy carbon electrode modified with alizarin red S (poly(ARS)/GCE). PCT is one of the most widely used analgesic and antipyretic drugs; however, its overdose orprolonged use can lead to severe liver and kidney damage. Therefore, the development of sensitive and reliablemethods for monitoring PCT levels in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids is crucial for ensuringdrug safety and effective therapeutic monitoring. Characterization of the electrode confirmed that the surfacemodification with a conductive and electroactive polymer film (poly(ARS)) significantly enhanced the effectiveelectrode surface area and reduced charge transfer resistance. Compared to the unmodified electrode, themodified electrode exhibited a well-resolved, irreversible redox peak at a significantly lower potential with asixfold increase in current, highlighting the catalytic efficiency of the modifier toward PCT. The electrochemicalbehavior of PCT was analyzed via cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry, revealing significantlyenhanced sensitivity and selectivity due to the conductive polymer coating. Under optimized electrode conditionsquare wave voltammetric current response of poly(ARS)/GCE showed linear dependence on concentration of0.01–250.0 μM and an ultralow detection limit of 1.0 nM in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0). Analyticalapplication on real samples confirmed the method's accuracy, achieving recovery rates of 98.8–100.3 % forpharmaceutical tablets and human blood serum, even in the presence of potential interferents. The developedmethod provides a cost-effective and robust alternative for PCT quantification, with superior performancecompared to previously report electrochemical approaches.
Keywords: Paracetamol, Glassy carbon electrode, Alizarin red S, Cyclic voltammetry, Square wave voltammetry

Introduction: Growth monitoring and promotion services are strategies to promote child health and reduce child mortality. Even though Ethiopia is attempting different strategies to cope with the low rate of GMP utilization, the problem is still unresolved.
Objective: Determine the pooled proportion of GMP utilization and its contributing factors among children less than two years in Ethiopia.
Method: The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42023472746. The PRISMA-2020 statement guided the conduct of this review. Electronic databases and grey literature were used. Heterogeneity was evaluated using I2. Subgroup analysis was conducted. The random effect model was used to summarize the pooled effect sizes with their respective 95% CI with STATA version 17. To test the small study effect, the funnel plot and Egger’s test were applied.
Result: A total of seven (7) studies with 4027 participants were considered in this meta-analysis. The pooled proportion of GMP utilization reported by seven studies was 25.71% (95%CI: 24.39, 27.04). ANC follow-up (AOR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.47, 2.76), PNC follow-up (AOR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.44, 2.49), counseling (AOR = 2.88; 95% CI: 2.09, 3.68), maternal education (AOR = 2.89; 95% CI: 1.66, 4.13), paternal education (AOR = 3.78; 95% CI: 2.25, 5.32), family health card (AOR = 2.31; 95% CI: 1.67, 2.96), and mothers good knowledge towards GMP (AOR = 2.90; 95% CI: 1.72, 4.07) variables were positively associated with GMP service utilization.
Conclusion and recommendation: The pooled proportion of GMP remains low in Ethiopia. ANC and PNC follow-up, counseling, maternal and paternal education, family health cards, maternal knowledge towards GMP were significantly associated. Findings are essential for evidence-based policy making, intervention, and input for ongoing research.

Introduction: Promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors during pregnancy is a crucial health promotion strategy that could reduce pregnancy-related complications that may harm women and their fetuses. However, very few studies have assessed the prevalence of health-promoting lifestyle behaviors among pregnant women in Ethiopia. This study aimed to evaluate the extent and associated factors of health-promoting lifestyle behaviors among pregnant women in public health institutions in Debre Markos, northwest Ethiopia.
Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 275 pregnant women who were recruited using a systematic random sampling technique from 19 April to 19 May 2021. A face-to-face interview-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Multivariable binary logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with the outcome variable. adjusted odds ratio (AOR), with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to measure the strength of the associations at a p-value

ABSTRACT: β-Lactam antibiotics are employed to treat bacterial illnesses.Despite a high level of clinical success, they have encountered serious resistancethat demands a high-dose regimen and a new pharmacokinetic combination. Thisrequires continuous monitoring of their levels in pharmaceutical and biologicalsamples. In this study, an electrochemical sensor was developed for thedetermination of cephalexin (CLN) in pharmaceutical formulations and biologicalfluid samples. The sensors were developed by modifying a glassy carbon electrode(GCE) using a conducting polymer (dipicrylamine) by potentiodynamicelectropolymerization. Characterization (using cyclic voltammetry and electronimpedance spectroscopy) results revealed modification of the electrode surface,leading to an enhanced effective electrode surface area and their conductivity. Theappearance of an irreversible oxidative peak at much-reduced potential with 5-foldcurrent enhancement at a poly(dipicrylamine)-modified glassy carbon electrode(poly(DPA)/GCE) verified the electrocatalytic role toward CLN. Under optimizedconditions, a wider linear concentration range (5 × 10−8 to 3.0 × 10−4 M), lowest limit of detection (LoD) (2.5 nM), detectedamount of each tablet brand above 97.00% of the labeled value (showing excellent agreement between the detected amount andcompany label), and excellent % recovery results in pharmaceutical and biological samples were obtained with an excellentinterference recovery error of less than 4.05%. Its excellent accuracy, selectivity, reproducibility, and stabilities and only requiring asimple electrode modification step combined with its readily available and nontoxic modifier, which sets it apart from mostpreviously reported methods, have validated the present method’s potential applicability for determining CLN in biological andpharmaceutical samples.

Abstract: Understanding how land use and land cover (LULC) changes affect soil erosion is essentialfor effective management of watershed areas. This study used Geographic Information Systems(GISs) and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to analyze the impact of LULCchanges on soil erosion in the Dondor Watershed. Remote sensing data, including Landsat andSentinel-2 satellite images, alongside field surveys, topographic data, rainfall, and soil data wereused. The results showed agricultural land as the primary LULC type, increasing from 43.49% in2002 to 59.10% in 2023. Forest and built-up areas also expanded, while grassland decreased. Soilerosion estimates revealed that more than 85% of the watershed experienced very slight erosionthough the average annual soil loss increased from 4.98 t ha−1 year−1 in 2002 to 7.96 t ha−1 year−1in 2023. Agriculture and built-up areas were identified as the primary contributors to erosion. Thisstudy underscores the importance of monitoring LULC dynamics for responsible land managementand conservation efforts in the watershed.Keywords: Dondor watershed; land use land cover change; soil erosion; RUSLE

Studies indicate that students who have access to highly qualified teachers tendto achieve at a higher rate, regardless of other factors. However, the essenceof quality teaching and teacher quality has not been adequately establishedin these studies. Nonetheless, recent developments favoring integrationshave led to three lines of teaching quality research: professional standards,value-added measures, and student evaluations. This study explores howthe quality of mathematics and English language teachers is associated withstudents’ achievement using a professional standard observation tool for studentevaluation. A representative multistage sample of students and teachers selectedfrom high schools in the East Gojjam Administrative Zone participated in thestudy. By using the domains in the Framework for Teaching (FfT) as indicatorsof teaching quality, the study identified the indicators that are associated withthe academic achievement of students in mathematics and English subjects. Amultiple linear regression analysis was used to study the relationships betweenthe independent variables (teachers’ quality indicators) and the dependentvariable (students’ grade 10 exam scores). Of the four domains of FfT, the deliveryof instruction revealed a positive and significant association (sig = 016) withstudents’ scores in the English language. The delivery of instruction encompassescommunicating with students, using questioning and discussion techniques,and demonstrating flexibility and responsiveness, which are positively associatedwith students’ scores in the English language. Conversely, managing classroomprocedures was the only subdomain associated (sig = 014) with an increasein students’ mathematics scores. Accordingly, suggestions are made for furtherresearch and practice.KEYWORDS: teacher quality, FFT, achievement, domains, effectiveness

Background Despite global efforts to mitigate COVID-19 infection through vaccination and therapeutic interven-tions, morbidity and mortality rates continued at variable rates. Although mortality risk and clinical features of COVID-19 are well-documented, recovery patterns and prognostic factors post-admission remain inconclusive, particu-larly in resource-limited settings like Ethiopia. This systematic review and meta-analysis (SRM) aimed to estimatethe pooled incidence rate of recovery and predictors among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Ethiopia.Methods We searched (N = 1,191) articles using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Anal-yses (PRISMA) guideline from PubMed/MEDLINE (N = 755), Scopus (N = 137), Web of Science (N = 84), Science Direct(N = 148), Cochran (N = 25), and Google Scholar searching (N = 42) from December 2019 to February 2024. The datawere extracted using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and exported to Stata TM version 17.0 for further analysis. The Arti-cle quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. The pooled incidence rate of recovery was esti-mated using a weighted inverse variance random-effects meta-regression. Heterogeneity among studies was evalu-ated using the I2 statistic. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity tests were also conducted to explore publication bias. Thisfile is registered in international Prospero with ID (CRD42024518569).Result Sixteen (N = 16) published studies with 7,676 hospitalized COVID-19 patients were included in the finalreport. The mean age of participants ranged from 29 (± 17) to 57.5 (± 3) years, with male patients constitutingthe largest proportion of participants, 4,491(58.5%). During recovery screening, 6,304(82.21%) cases were dischargedas improved, 159 (2.1%) attriters, and 818 (10.6%) died during inpatient treatment. The pooled incidence of recovery,mortality, and attrition rates were found to be 82.32% (95% CI: 78.81–85.83; I 2 = 94.8%), 14.3% (I2 = 98.45%), and 2.7%(I 2 = 81.34%), respectively. Incidence of recovery rate varied across regions and epidemic phases, with the highest rateobserved in Addis Ababa (89.94%, I 2 = 78.33%) and the lowest reported in the Tigray region (59.7%, I2 = 0.0%). Acrossepidemic phases, the recovery rate was 88.05% (I 2 = 29.56%) in Phase II, 84.09% (I2 = 97.57%) in Phase I, and 78.92%(I 2 = 96.9%) in Phase III, respectively. Factors included being aged 15–30 years (pooled OR = 2.01), male sex (pooledOR = 1.46), no dyspnea (pooled OR = 2.4; I 2 = 79%), and no baseline comorbidities (pooled OR = 1.15; I2 = 89.3%) werepredictors for recovery.Conclusion and recommendation In Ethiopia, more than eight out of ten hospitalized COVID-19 patientsrecovered after inpatient treatment. However, the incidence of recovery rates varied significantly across epidemicphases, study settings, and regions. Factors including younger age, male sex, no dyspnea (shortness of breathing), and no underlying comorbidity heightened recovery. It is highly recommended those inpatients cares should focuson high-risk groups (older adults) and implement standardized treatment protocols in each study setting. Regionswith lower recovery rates need aid in logistical support and training for healthcare providers.Keywords Admitted patients, COVID-19 infection, Ethiopia, SARS-CoV- 2 cases

Erythrina brucei has been applied as a green manure to improve soil fertility in southern Ethiopia.It has been nodulated by indigenous rhizobia. The objectives of this study were to evaluate theeffects of E. brucei inoculation with microbial consortia consisted of Bradyrhizobium shewense,Acinetobacter soli and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)on E. brucei growth, soil nitrogen andphosphorous status after application as a green manure.A field experiment was conducted byinoculating E. Brucei with different microbial consortia. E. brucei inoculated with the microbialconsortia were grown for 150 days. Its shoot length was measured at 60, 90, 120 and 150 daysafter planting. Then, plants were uprooted and mulched as a green manure. The soil nitrogen,available phosphorous and soil organic matter analysis were done. The experimental design wascompletely randomized block design with eight treatments comprised of three replications.Inoculated treatments did not show a significant (p < 0.05) difference in shoot length in the first60 days. However, shoot length was increased between 19.1 and 41.3 %, 10.5–43.4 % and8.7–37.6 %, respectively at 90, 120 and 150 days. The soil organic matter was improved in bothinoculated and un-inoculated treatments. The improvements in the soil organic matter of un-inoculated treatments may be due to the decomposition of un-inoculated plants biomass in thesoil. The B. shewense inoculation improved the soil nitrogen by 17 %. The soil phosphorous wasimproved in 57 % of inoculated treatments. The inoculation of E. brucei with microbial consortiaenhanced its growth and improved soil fertility when applied as a green manure. Inoculating thegreen manure legumes with symbiotically effective rhizobia and plant-beneficial microbes canenhance the growth of E. brucei and its nutrient uptake.
Keywords: Legumes, Soil fertility, Shoot length, Microbial inputs, Organic matter

Political narrative is an instrument for political actors to construct a shared meaning, and it can be harnessed to harm political opponents. The Italian invaders, the Ethiopian Student Movement, the Tigray People’s Liberation Front, the Oromo Liberation Front, and the incumbent regime contributed in varying degrees to the Amhara domination narrative. TPLF, in its political manifesto and later in the 1995 FDRE constitution, institutionally crafted an anti- Amhara narrative, reaching a crescendo after Abiy Ahmed assumed office in 2018. Thus, this research article tried to scrutinise and weigh the discourse of institutionally crafted Amhara existential threats. The study employed a qualitative research tradition and an exploratory research design approach that involved a political-economic analysis. The study finds that the century-old Amhara domination narrative, coupled with institutionally supported recurrent mass killings and expulsion, especially in Oromia, Benishangul- Gumuz, and Amhara regional states, posed a real and perceived existential threat that gave birth to the Amhara Fano armed struggle.KEYWORDS: Narrative; institution; existential threat; identity;Fano; Amhara

Intercropping is an essential farming system that combines multiple crop speciessimultaneously. in ethiopia, pepper and Black cumin are interplanted with various crops,influenced by diverse environmental and agronomic factors. this review examines the impactof intercropping pepper and Black cumin on the performance of component crops andsystem productivity in ethiopia. Farmers in tropical regions practice intercropping widely toreduce dependence on monoculture, manage risks from pests, diseases, and climate variability,and enhance resilience. By integrating pepper and Black cumin with other crops, small‑scalefarmers in developing countries like ethiopia diversify crop production and improve yields.Most smallholder farmers in ethiopia cultivate plots smaller than one hectare. the landequivalent ratio is a key measure for evaluating intercropping efficiency. However, indicessuch as relative Yield total, Staple land equivalency ratio, Area time equivalency ratio, andArea Harvest equivalency ratio are also applied globally. these indices help assess the benefitsof intercropping in terms of land use and time management. to maximize productivity,farmers must carefully select crops that balance resource competition, resist pests anddiseases, and ensure yields with superior quality. promoting sustainable intercropping practicescan boost agricultural output and contribute to food security in ethiopia and similar regions.
KEYWORDS: indices; multiple cropping; sole cropping; spatial arrangement