Recent advances in electrochemistry and electrode surface modification highlight the potential of transitionmetal coordination compounds as effective modifiers. This study presents sodium tetraresorcinolatocuprate(II)(Na₂[Cu(HR)₄]), a newly synthesized compound characterized using UV–Vis, FT-IR spectroscopy, ICP OES, andmelting point analysis. A poly(Na₂[Cu(HR)₄])/GCE was fabricated via potentiodynamic techniques, with cyclicvoltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirming the formation of a polymer film thatenhanced the electrode’s active area and electrocatalytic properties. The developed poly(Na₂[Cu(HR)₄])/GCEwas applied for determination of ciprofloxacin (CPF), an antibiotic prone to resistance issues, that requiresreliable monitoring in pharmaceutical and biological samples. The poly(Na₂[Cu(HR)₄]) modifier significantlyimproved CPF detection by reducing its oxidation potential and increasing current response by eightfoldcompared to unmodified electrodes, suggesting the modifier’s catalytic role in CPF oxidation. Differential pulsevoltammetry (DPV) showed a linear CPF response over concentrations of 1.0 × 10 8 to 4.0 × 10 4 M, withdetection and quantification limits of 2.0 nM and 6.8 nM, respectively. Analysis of commercial CPF brandsshowed 98.05–100.00 % accuracy, while spike recovery rates (99.25–100.40 %) and low interference errors(

This study was conducted to estimate the technical, allocative and economic efficiency levels, identify the determinant factors of technical and allocative inefficiencies, Debre Markos City and Sinan District of the Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. The data were collected from 397 smallholder sheep fatting farmers in all kebeles in debremarkos and two kebeles in sinan district of the study area. Maximum likelihood techniques were used to estimate a Truncated-Normal Model production frontier. The mean estimated technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were 83.07, 91.84.61 and 76.5 respectively with consecutive SD of .1645 , 0.1490 and 0.1985. The estimated results provide evidence that the sheep fatting farmers are technical, allocatively and economically inefficient. The coefficients estimated from the Truncated-Normal Model stochastic production frontier model show the effect of different inputs on sheep fatting farmers. Ln (fodder) has a positive coefficient of .0481792, significant at the 1% level, meaning that the improvement in feed quality increases read met output. Likewise, Ln (heredsize) showed a highly significant coefficient value of .9518208 significant at the 1%, showing its importance to increase fatting sheep.Also, Ln (cost fodder) has a negative coefficient of 1.628079, significant at the 1% . Likewise, Ln (cost of animal health) showed a highly significant coefficient value of 1.838712significant at 10%. The most vital factors include sex, education, age, family size of household, availability of feed supply, extension and training on significant effect on technical inefficient of small scale sheep fatting farmers. The most vital factors include education, non-farm activities, Total livestock unit, availability of feed supply, family size of the household and training on significant effect on allocative inefficient of small scale sheep fatting farmers.The government and the concerned body should be encouraging sheep fatting farmers to grow, properly harvest and store high-protein fodder on their farms reduce reliance on expensively purchased fodder. The government and the concerned body should be expanding animal health centers to keep animal health for fulfill small scale sheep fatting sheep to bring productive the fatting sheep and improve the livelihood. Extension of the household has been shown to significantly improve technical efficiency by providing advice the way of fatting, how to feed

Method Twenty inactive males (BMI 27.67 ± 0.88 kg/m2 , age 49.15 ± 2.58 years) participated in an eight-week wererandomly assigned to one of three intervention groups (combined (CT), resistance (RT), and aerobic (AT)) exercisemodalities to assess within-subject and between group changes in glycolipid profile. Data were analyzed usingrepeated measures ANCOVA.Result Pre-post mean values of body fat percentage (%BF), area under the curve (AUC), low density lipoprotein (LDL),high density lipoprotein (HDL) and total cholesterol (TC) decreased in all three groups. The main effect of exercisemodality on the AUC (F (2, 26) = 10.577, P = 0.001, η2 = 0.569) was significant. Post-hoc analyses revealed that the RTgroup (-30.653 ± 6.766, p = 0.001) with 11.53% and the CT group (M = -0.896, SE = 3.347, P = 0.015) with 3.79% exhib-ited significantly greater reductions in AUC compared to the AT group. LDL levels showed significant differentbetween groups (F (2, 26) = 6.33, p = 0.009, η2 = 0.442), specially significantly 3.7% lowered in AT (MD = 4.783, SE = 1.563,P = 0.002) and 3.79% lower in CT (MD = 4.57, SE = 1.284, P = 0.008) groups compared to the RT group. AT significantlyreduced TC by 17.716 ± 5.705 mg/dL (p = 0.02) compared to RT, representing a 7.97% decrease.Conclusion Exercise type significantly influences lipid profiles and glycemic control. Notably, both aerobic and com-bined training demonstrated a superior ability to modulate the lipid profile, and resistance training and combinedtraining were more effective in reducing the AUC.Trial registration May, 31st 2024. Registration no: PACTR202405463745521 “Retrospectively registered”.Keywords Glucose tolerance, Lipid profile, Resistance training, Aerobic training and combind training

Eucalyptus camaldulensis is commonly planted on farmland in highland Ethiopia because of its high economic proftability.However, the expansion of woodlot plantations has led to a decline in crop growth and yield, which negatively afects foodsecurity. To address this issue, this study aimed to examine the efects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis woodlot expansion on cropproduction and food security in South Achefer. Data were collected from 180 respondents using a three-stage sampling techniquefor the four kebeles in the district. Te survey data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, and a binary logitregression model using SPSS software version 24. Tis study found that most households (87%) perceived a rapid increase inEucalyptus woodlot expansion. Te allocation of more land for Eucalyptus woodlot expansion was positively and signifcantlyafected by family size, landholding size, total annual income, and availability of unproductive land. Additionally, the studyrevealed that Eucalyptus woodlots highly compete with nearly all grown crops for nutrients and moisture. Tis causes a reductionin yield from one to four quintals compared to the normal crop grown far from the Eucalyptus tree. Approximately three-fourths(71%) of the sampled farmers did not obtain stable food annually and were considered food insecure. To alleviate food insecurity,this study suggests that stakeholders should focus on improving livelihood alternatives rather than expanding Eucalyptuswoodlots.Keywords: access; availability; binary logistic regression; stability; utilization; woodlot

Abstract: The egg quality measurements were undertaken as egg weight loss (%), shell thickness,Haugh unit, yolk height, yolk width, yolk index and albumen height. The non-sprayed chickeneggs showed a higher weight loss percentage of 3.07% within 15 days of storage. However, itwas shown to be lower the weight loss of 0.48% when sprayed. Even though a progressivedecrease in yolk height, albumen height, yolk index and Haugh unit values were shown as thestorage period advances, sprayed eggs which resulted to be greater within each storage periodthan non-sprayed eggs. Non- sprayed eggs stored for 15, 10, 5, and 0 day had a Haugh unit valueof 52.42±2.66, 73.29±6.44, 77.51±3.88 and 85.72 ± 2.85, respectively. Whereas, Haugh unitvalues were shown as 82.43±4.31, 82.90 ±4.43, 84.73 ±3.25 and 85.52±6.37 respectively whichrecorded after spraying. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in moisture percentage, fatand protein content among non-sprayed eggs kept for different storage period. But percentage ofash and carbohydrate were unaffected. There was gradually decreased in the percentage ofmoisture, fat and protein content as the storage period advances.Keywords: Haugh unit, Albumen height, Fat, Protein, Ash, Carbohydrate

Industries are among the largest global consumers of water, with a significant portion beingconverted into industrial wastewater. Paint factories, in particular, are major contributors toenvironmental lead pollution, releasing lead (II) through untreated effluents. Exposure to lead (II)poses serious health risks, including carcinogenic effects, neurological disorders, blood-relatedcomplications, and damage to vital organs such as the liver, kidneys, and lungs. While exten-sive research has focused on lead (II) removal from synthetic wastewater, limited studies haveaddressed the application of these methods to real industrial wastewater. This study aimed toevaluate the efficiency of Noug stalk activated carbon in removing lead (II) from paint factoryeffluent under optimized conditions. Laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the per-formance of Noug stalk activated carbon in treating wastewater from a paint factory. Statisticalanalysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 was employed, with a pairedsample t-test determining the significance of differences in lead (II) concentrations before andafter treatment, considering a p-value of

Given the Amharic language has a lot of perplexing terminology since it features duplicate homophone letters,fidel’s ሀ, ሐ, and ኀ (three of which are pronounced as HA), ሠ and ሰ (both pronounced as SE), አ and ዐ (bothpronounced as AE), and ጸ and ፀ (both pronounced as TSE). The WSD (Word Sense Disambiguation) model, whichtackles the issue of lexical ambiguity in the context of the Amharic language, is developed using a deep learningtechnique. Due to the unavailability of the Amharic wordnet, a total of 1756 examples of paired Amharicambiguous homophonic words were collected. These words were ድህነት(dhnet) and ድኅነት(dhnet), ምሁር(m’hur)and ምሑር(m’hur), በአል(be’al) and በዢል(be’al), አቢይ (abiy) and ዐቢይ(abiy), with a total of 1756 examples.Following word preprocessing, word2vec, fasttext, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TFIDF), andbag of words (BoW) were used to vectorize the text. The vectorized text was divided into train and test data. Thetrain data was then analysed using Naive Bayes (NB), K-nearest neighbour (KNN), logistic regression (LG), de-cision trees (DT), random forests (RF), and random oversampling technique. Bidirectional Gate Recurrent Unit(BiGRU) and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) improved to 99.99 % accuracy even with limiteddatasets.
Key Words: Amharic language, Homophone, Machine learning, Deep learning, Bidirectional, BiLSTM, BiGRU, TFIDF, BoW, Word embedding, Amharic word sense disambiguation

Establishing recipiency, an indispensable ingredient and manifestation of sustaining intersub-jectivity, constitutes the continuous monitoring of an ongoing turn in an interaction. The presentstudy intended to describe how interactants attending a freshman common course in an Ethiopianuniversity elicit and display recipiency in instances of Divergent L2 contexts exhibiting DIUs.Naturally occurring video-recorded classroom interactions of the purposively selected in-teractants have been analyzed in light of the Conversation Analytic framework to show howinteractants elicit and display recipiency. By deploying reactive tokens, incipient speakersnegotiate their rights to shape and reshape trajectories of an ongoing thereby displaying recipi-ency. This contributes to a better understanding of how interactures, in this case the establish-ment of intersubjectivity and L2 contexts, interplay and unfold in moments of DIUs. Also, viewinginteractants as incipient speakers, and thereby articulating turns in view of recipients is a con-dition for sustaining intersubjectivity through active engagement. This requires upholding un-wavering belief about recipients’ stake in an interactional exchange. Practically, being attentiveto recipients’ states in the different trajectories of interactional development, especially, in mo-ments of divergent L2 contexts that exhibit DIUs, would be illuminating. This is because the use ofresources to elicit and display recipiency and thereby consider incipient speakers’ levels ofrecipiency, on the part of floor-holding speaker, would enhance possibilities for intersubjectivity.
Keywords: Recipiency, DIUs, Intersubjectivity, Eliciting, Divergence

Background Ethical dilemmas in emergency and critical care nursing often involve complex decision-makingthat impacts patient outcomes, emotional well-being of healthcare providers, and team dynamics. Understandingthese dilemmas and the decision-making processes involved is crucial for improving nursing practices and patientoutcomes in this context.Objective This study aims to explore the ethical dilemmas and decision-making processes of emergency and criticalcare nurses, using the Four Box. Method ethical decision-making framework.Methods A multi-method qualitative approach was employed, incorporating in-depth individual interviews(IDI), focus group discussions (FGD), and case studies to capture diverse perspectives. Data were collected from28 nurses working in emergency and critical care settings at Tibebe Ghion Specialized Hospital and Felege HiwotComprehensive Specialized Hospital through purposive sampling. The interviews and focus groups were audiorecorded, transcribed verbatim in Amharic, translated into English, and entered into OpenCode software for analysis.Inductive thematic analysis method was applied to analyze the data.Results The study revealed several key ethical dilemmas faced by nurses, including balancing patient autonomywith beneficence, and the allocation of limited resources during crises, opioid administration for pain managementvs. respiratory depression, and conflicts regarding informed consent. Nurses reported emotional and professionalimpacts from these dilemmas, contributing to moral distress, burnout, and ethical fatigue. Nurses emphasizedthe importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and structured decision-making frameworks to navigate thesechallenges. However, the lack of consistent access to ethics consultations and peer support during critical momentswas noted as a significant barrier.Conclusion and recommendation Nurses encounter complex ethical dilemmas that impact their emotional well-being and job satisfaction. Effective decision-making requires applying ethical principles, adhering to guidelines,and consulting peers. The study reveals the need for improved support systems, including more frequent and
comprehensive ethics training, better access to ethics consultations, and structured frameworks to guide decision-making in high-pressure situations.Clinical trial registration The study is not a clinical trial, a clinical trial number is not applicable.Keywords Ethical dilemma, Decision making, Emergency and critical care, Nursing

AbstractIntroduction Despite the existence of numerous blood donation centers globally, there remains a significant gapbetween the demand and supply of blood. In Ethiopia, replacement blood donation is more common than voluntarydonation. The National Blood Bank of Ethiopia collects approximately 200,000 units of blood each year, while thedaily requirement is 18,000 units. Donors’ knowledge and attitudes are vital for ensuring a steady blood supply. Thissystematic review and meta-analysis sought to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of Ethiopian residents regardingblood donation and the factors influencing them.Methods Relevant research articles were identified through searches of various databases. Data extraction andorganization were performed using Microsoft Excel, and the data were then analyzed using STATA/MP 17.0. Aweighted inverse variance random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval was employed to pool the data.Heterogeneity was examined with the Galbraith plot and Cochrane I² statistics. To identify sources of heterogeneity,meta-regression, subgroup analysis, and sensitivity analysis were conducted. Publication bias was assessed usingEgger’s test and managed with trim and fill analysis. The adjusted odds ratio was calculated to explore the relationshipbetween knowledge and attitudes towards blood donation, with a significance threshold of p < 0.05.Results The pooled prevalence of favorable attitudes towards blood donation was 65.95%. Moderators such as studyyear (p = 0.72), publication year (p = 0.877), and sample size (p = 0.291) were not significant, indicating they did notcontribute to heterogeneity. Studies from Northern Ethiopia reported the highest prevalence of favorable attitudes at69.95%, while research on healthcare workers also indicated a high proportion of favorable attitudes at 69.29%. Therewas a significant association between knowledge and attitudes towards blood donation (AOR = 2.03).Conclusion The pooled prevalence of favorable attitudes towards blood donation was 65.95%, with the highestlevels observed in Northern Ethiopia and among healthcare workers. A significant association between knowledgeand positive attitudes towards blood donation was found. To enhance attitudes towards blood donation, increasingpublic awareness and education about the importance and safety of donating blood is crucial.Keywords Blood, Blood donation, Knowledge, Attitude, Systematic review, Meta-analysis, Ethiopia