In the absence of a recommended optimal seed rate and nitrogen-phosphorous (NP) fertilizers application for a spe-cific area, achieving maximum bread wheat productivity becomes challenging. To address this issue, this field experi-ment was conducted to evaluate the effect of seed and NP fertilizer rates on growth, yield, and yield components ofbread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Factorial combinations of four levels of seed rates of bread wheat (100, 120, 150, and200 kg ha−1 ) and four levels of NP fertilizers rates (64–46, 87–46, 96–69, and 119–69 kg ha−1 of N and P 2 O 5 ) werelaid down in randomized complete block design with three replications. The remaining necessary agronomic practicesand crop management activities were undertaken uniformly. The data presented in this dataset article includes pheno-logical, growth, yield, and yield component parameters that were collected timely following their standard methods andprocedures. All the collected data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) which was carried out using theSAS version 9.0 software computer program’s General Linear Model (GLM) procedure [1]. the residuals were evalu-ated, as described in Montgomery [2], to confirm the normal distribution and homogeneous variance model assump-tions on the error terms for each response variable. The independence assumption is upheld due to the randomization ofthe sixteen (16) treatment combinations within each block. In cases where a treatment effect was found to be significant,a multiple means comparison was conducted at a 5% significance level using Fisher’s LSD method to create letter group-ings. Additionally, correlation analysis was carried out using the Pearson correlation procedure in SAS. This dataset articleprovides insights into how seed rate and NP fertilizer rates impact bread wheat productivity, as well as the economic viability of optimal seed rate and NP fertilizer rates on bread wheat productivity. The information presented can serve as a valuable resource for researchers looking to examine thesupplementary data and methods in detail, potentially lead ing to new research avenues. Furthermore, it has the potential to foster collaborations and enhance the credibility of the current research data within the scientific community, making it accessible for wider use.
Keywords: Bread wheat, Burie district, Dataset, Grain yield, Seed rate, NP fertilizers, Partial budget analysis

Maize is produced throughout the world and it is also a pri-mary staple food crop in many developing countries. Thefield experiment was conducted during the main rainy sea-son of 2018 in Burie district to study the effects of types andgrowth stages of seedlings on the growth and yield of trans-planted maize (Zea mays L.). Factorial combinations of twotypes of seedlings (bare rooted and poly bagged); five lev-els of seedling’s growth stages (seedlings of 1, 2, 3, 4, and5 true leaf/ves) and one control (direct seeded) were laiddown in randomized complete block design with three repli-cations. Data on phenological, vegetative growth and yield-related parameters were collected following standard meth-ods and procedures. All data were subjected to analysis ofvariance using SAS software, and mean separation for sig-nificant treatments was done by LSD. Both main effects af-fected the number of grains cob−1 , grain, and stover yieldhighly significantly and days to 50% silking very highly signif-
icantly. Types of seedlings affected days to 50% tasselling sig-nificantly; and days to 90% physiological maturity and plantheight highly significantly. In addition, types of seedlingsaffected the number of cobs plant−1 , cob length, numberof grains row−1 and biomass yield, very highly significantly.Seedlings’ growth stages had a very highly significant effecton days to 50% tasseling and days to 90% physiological ma-turity. The number of cobs plant−1 , cob length, number ofgrains row−1 and biomass yield were also highly significantlyaffected by seedlings’ growth stages. The interaction effectwas highly significant on the number of cobs plant−1 , grain,and stover yield and very highly significant on the harvest in-dex. The highest (10.7t ha−1 ) grain yield of maize was foundfrom the transplantation of polybagged seedlings at four trueleaf stages. Although it is difficult to conclude based on oneseason and one location research trial, transplanting of poly-bagged seedlings at four true leaf stages gave superior grainyield. This treatment combination also gave the highest netbenefit with an acceptable range of marginal rate of return.Therefore, transplanting polybagged seedlings at four trueleaf stages is economically feasible and can be recommendedtentatively for Burie District. However; it’s also advised to re-peat the study in areas having terminal moisture stress formaize production.
Keywords: Bare root, Growth stage, Polybagged, Seedling, Transplanting

The evolving engagement of the Gulf States in the Horn of Africa has become an emerging determinant of the region’s current and future security landscape. The United Arab Emirates’ (UAE) active presence in the political economy of Ethiopia, following the Ethiopia–Eritrea peace deal, brings existing and potential security threats to Ethiopia and the wider Horn region. This study mainly tried to glean the political and security threats posed by the UAE’s active presence in Ethiopia since 2018. This study employed a qualitative research approach with an exploratory research design. The primary and secondary data were thoroughly consulted. The study argues that, given Ethiopia’s age-old dispute with Egypt and Sudan—strategic, historical and religious alliance with the UAE over Nile River utilisation—the UAE is unlikely to be Ethiopia’s strategic partner. The study also finds that the theocratic and undemocratic state experiences of the UAE, coupled with the de-institutionalised nature of bilateral relations, put the UAE at odds with Ethiopia’s long-range national interests. The rival advent of Gulf States in the region also exposed Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa states to potential proxy wars.Keywords: Gulf States, security, threats, UAE, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Food security remains a critical global challenge, with millions of people suffering from hunger and malnutrition. Agricultural Multi-Purpose Cooperatives (AMPCs) are intended to improve food security by enhancing access to inputs, markets, and services. This study examines the impact of AMPCs on rural household food security in West Gojjam using ordinal logistic regression. Out of a total sample size of 1,122 rural households, 1,068 were included in the analysis. The study employed a cross-sectional research design. The findings revealed that, out of the 1,068 households surveyed, 45.3% were food secure, 22.6% were mildly food insecure and 32.1% were food insecure. Overall, 54.7% experienced some level of food insecurity, highlighting the need for improved food access and support interventions. The multiple ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed that factors such as female-headed households, large household size, smaller landholdings, lack of livestock ownership, absence of non-farm income, limited irrigation access, lack of credit, lack of Market Access, and no use of agricultural inputs significantly increase the likelihood of rural household food insecurity. Based on the results, it is recommended to focus on supporting female-headed households, reducing household size through family planning, improving land access, increasing livestock ownership, promoting non-farm income opportunities, enhancing irrigation access, providing credit, strengthening market linkages, and ensuring the widespread use of agricultural inputs to improve food security. Keywords: Agricultural cooperatives, food security, rural households, West Gojjam, Ethiopia, ordinal logistic regression.

ABSTRACT Food security remains a critical global challenge, with millions of people suffering from hunger and malnutrition. Agricultural Multi-Purpose Cooperatives (AMPCs) are intended to improve food security by enhancing access to inputs, markets, and services. This study examines the impact of AMPCs on rural household food security in West Gojjam using ordinal logistic regression. Out of a total sample size of 1,122 rural households, 1,068 were included in the analysis. The study employed a cross-sectional research design. The findings revealed that, out of the 1,068 households surveyed, 45.3% were food secure, 22.6% were mildly food insecure and 32.1% were food insecure. Overall, 54.7% experienced some level of food insecurity, highlighting the need for improved food access and support interventions. The multiple ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed that factors such as female-headed households, large household size, smaller landholdings, lack of livestock ownership, absence of non-farm income, limited irrigation access, lack of credit, lack of Market Access, and no use of agricultural inputs significantly increase the likelihood of rural household food insecurity. Based on the results, it is recommended to focus on supporting female-headed households, reducing household size through family planning, improving land access, increasing livestock ownership, promoting non-farm income opportunities, enhancing irrigation access, providing credit, strengthening market linkages, and ensuring the widespread use of agricultural inputs to improve food security. Keywords: Agricultural cooperatives, food security, rural households, West Gojjam, Ethiopia, ordinal logistic regression.

Executive Summary The ongoing armed conflict in the Amhara region between the Ethiopian government forces and the Amhara Fano forces has caused significant disruptions in the lives of the local population in East and West Gojjam, and Awi Zones. This research seeks to explore the multifaceted impacts of the conflict on education, the economy, psychosocial well-being, and political stability in these regions. With the conflict lasting for nine months, children have been deprived of education, communities are suffering from psychosocial distress, and both the economy and political environment are severely affected. The study aims to achieve two key objectives: first, to provide a detailed understanding of the situation through evidence-based findings, which will be disseminated at local, national, and international levels; and second, to gather data that can help develop interventions to address the ongoing impacts of the conflict, preventing long-term damage to the affected populations. To meet these objectives, the research will use a mixed-methods approach, employing both quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. A cross-sectional descriptive survey design and a phenomenological research design will be applied. Data will be gathered through questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and document analysis. The research will focus on a purposive sample of individuals directly affected by or involved in the conflict, selected from towns and Woredas using a simple random sampling method. Collected data analyzed using percentage and frequency distributions for quantitative data, and thematic content analysis for qualitative data. Ethical considerations, such as ensuring participant confidentiality and voluntary participation strictly followed. The outcomes of this study will raise awareness of the conflict‘s impacts, inform intervention strategies, and provide evidence to guide recovery efforts. Ultimately, the research will contribute to developing targeted policies and actions to support education, economic recovery, psychosocial well-being, and political stability in the affected regions.

Secularism in Ethiopia has not been practiced as stipulated in the 1995 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) constitution, the separation of state and religion. Instead, consecutive regimes since the introduction of secularism employed the tactic of co-option and repression towards the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church (EOTC) to meet their political objectives. This article thus tried to address the nature and manifestation of government intervention in the EOTC through either co-option and/or repression, with a special emphasis on the post-2018 regime. The study argues that de facto secularism in Ethiopia is far from the essence of the separation of state and religion; it is a new version of religion industriously implemented by governments to upgrade the Orthodox Church in a way that fits with the political system. The secular regimes co-opted and repressed the church conditionally at any cost to the institution through the Machiavellian approach. The study also finds that the Prosperity-led regime was actively involved in the internal affairs of the church—in the early days through co-option in the name of reconciliation with the exile synod and later through repression. Manifestations of this repression include the mass killing of orthodox followers, burning of churches and restriction on the church’s annual ceremony, as in the case of Epiphany and Meskel(Demera).Keywords: Secularism, religion, co-option, repression, EOTC

Diluted magnetic semiconductors are a recent research area due to their ability to enhance ferromagneticproperties and facilitate the electrical detection of magnetoresistance and polarization. (In, Mn)As dilute mag-netic semiconductor has potential application in the field of spintronic devices, such as spin field-effectivetransistors, spin laser light-emitted diodes, modern technology, multi-functional devices, green technology,and nanotechnology. For this study, we have considered the RKKY interaction between Mn2+ spins via delo-calized carriers. The effect of manganese ion concentration and applied magnetic field on ferromagnetic dilutedmagnetic semiconductor properties such as dispersion relation, Curie temperature, and reduced magnetization of(In, Mn)As are studied. We have developed a spin-wave model using the Holstein-Primakaff transformation.Based on the developed model, the number of ferromagnetic magnons, dispersion relations, and Curie temper-atures were calculated with or without an applied magnetic field. The reduced magnetization is also calculated.The graph of Curie temperature and magnetization of (In,Mn)As versus temperature with applied field up to 6 Tand manganese ion concentration from 0.01 to 0.1 are plotted. The graph of spin wave dispersion of (In,Mn)Asversus a wave vector with varying manganese ion concentration with and without an applied magnetic field up to6 T. In this study, an InMnAs Curie temperature of 290.68 K is found without an applied magnetic field with a 0.1manganese ion concentration, which is near room temperature. Moreover, with an applied magnetic field of 6 Tat 0.1 manganese ion concentration, a Curie temperature of 342.466 K is found, which is above room temper-ature. Hence, these temperatures are suitable for the field of next-generation spintronic new technology.
Keywords: Magnetization, Spintronics, Curie temperature, Dispersion relation, Wave vector

Background Inadequate glycemic management in type 2 diabetes Mellitus patients is a serious public healthissue and a key risk factor for progression as well as diabetes-related complications. The main therapeutic goal ofpreventing organ damage and other problems caused by diabetes is glycemic control. Knowing when to modifyglycemic control in type 2 diabetes Mellitus is crucial for avoiding complications and early drug intensifications.Methods An institutional based retrospective follow-up study was undertaken among 514 eligible adult diabetespatients in Amhara region Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia, from January 2017 to January2022. Simple random sampling technique was used to select study participants. The Kaplan Meier curve was usedto assess the survival status of categorical variables, and the log-rank test was used to compare them. The coxproportional hazard model was fitted to identify the predictors of time to first optimal glycemic control. Variables witha p-value < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significance at 95% confidence interval.Results A total of 514 patient records (227 males and 287 females) were reviewed in this study. The median time tofirst optimal glycemic control among the study population was 8.4 months IQR (7.6–9.7). The predictors that affect thetime to first optimal glycemic control were age group ((AHR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.463, 0.859 for 50–59 years), (AHR = 0.638,95% CI = 0.471, 0.865 for 60–69 years), and (AHR = 0.480, 95% CI = 0.298, 0.774 for > = 70 years)), diabetes neuropathy(AHR = 0.629, 95% CI = 0.441,0.900), hypertension (AHR = 0.667, 95% CI = 0.524, 0.848), dyslipidemia (AHR = 0.561, 95%CI = 0.410, 0.768), and cardiovascular disease (AHR = 0.681, 95% CI = 0.494, 0.938).Conclusion The median time to initial optimal glycemic control in type 2 diabetes Mellitus patients in this study wasshort. Age between 50 and 59 years and 60–69, diabetes neuropathy, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular
disease were predictor’s of time to first glycemic control. Therefore, health care providers should pay extra attentionfor patients who are aged and who have complications or co-morbidities.Keywords: Adults, First optimal glycemic control, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Ethiopia

BackgroundAdverse drug reaction is one of the emerging challenges in antiretroviral treatment. Deter-mining the incidence rate and predictors among children on antiretroviral treatment (ART) isessential to improve treatment outcomes and minimize harm. And also, evidence regardingthe time to major adverse drug reactions and its predictors among children on antiretroviraltreatment is limited in Ethiopia.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the time to major adverse drug reaction and its predictorsamong children on antiretroviral treatment at selected public hospitals in Northwest Amhara,Ethiopia, 2023.MethodA retrospective cohort study was conducted among 380 children on antiretroviral treatmentwho enrolled from June 27, 2017, to May 31, 2022. Data was collected using a structureddata extraction checklist. Data were entered into Epidata 4.6 and analyzed using STATA14. The incidence rate of major adverse drug reactions was determined per person/months.The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to identify predictors of majoradverse drug responses. A p-value less than 0.05 with a 95% CI was used to declare statisti-cal significance.
ResultThe minimum and maximum follow-up time was 6 and 59 months, respectively. The studyparticipants were followed for a total of 9916 person-months. The incidence rate of majoradverse drug reactions was 3.5 /1000 person–months. Advanced clinical stages of HIV/AIDS (III and IV) [adjusted hazard ratio = 7.3, 95% CI: 2.74–19.60)], poor treatment adher-ence [adjusted hazard ratio = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.21–0.42], taking antiretroviral treatment twiceand more [adjusted hazard ratio = 3.43, 955 CI: (1.26–9.33)] and not taking opportunisticinfection prophylaxis [adjusted hazard ratio = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.23–0.52)] were predictors ofmajor adverse drug reactions.ConclusionThe incidence rate of major adverse drug reactions among children on antiretroviral treat-ment was congruent with studies in Ethiopia. Advanced clinical stages of HIV/AIDS, poortreatment adherence, taking antiretroviral treatment medications twice or more, and not tak-ing opportunistic infection prophylaxis were predictors of major adverse drug reactions.