Background
Anemia is a critical complication among hemodialysis patients, often leading to poor outcomes. This study aimed to assess anemia prevalence and identify predictors among hemodialysis patients at Felege Hiote Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, in 2022.


Research design and methods
A retrospective cohort study analyzed 410 hemodialysis patients from January 2018 to February 2022. Data was collected from medical records, entered using Epi-data Version 4.1, and analyzed with STATA Version 14. Kaplan-Meier survival curves assessed survival time, while Cox regression identified anemia predictors.


Results
Of 410 patients, 66 (16.1%) developed anemia, with an incidence rate of 7.9 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 3.1–13.5). Significant predictors included female sex (IRR: 1.5, p = 0.04), rural residence (IRR: 2.5, p = 0.01), low body mass index (IRR: 1.6, p = 0.02), and congestive heart failure (IRR: 6.9, p = 0.02).


Conclusions
Anemia prevalence among hemodialysis patients is high, with key predictors including gender, residence, body mass index, and comorbidities. Interventions targeting these factors, especially in rural areas, could reduce anemia incidence. Study limitations include single-center data, incomplete variables, and lack of causality.





KEYWORDS: Anemia, incidence, predictors of anemia, end stage kidney disease, hemodialysis

Two new oligomer mixed ligand complexes, comprising 21 ([Co21(phen)42(bipy)21]Cl42 (C2)) and 100 monomerunits ([Co100(phen)200(bipy)100]Cl200 (C3)) were synthesized. These complexes, designated as [Co21(phen)42(-bipy)21]Cl42 (C2) and [Co100(phen)200(bipy)100]Cl200 (C3), were employed for the modification of a glassycarbon electrode (GCE) to detect ciprofloxacin (CPF) in tablet formulations and human urine samples. Bypotentiodynamic deposition, the modified electrodes (poly(C2)/GCE) and (poly(C3)/GCE) were prepared,forming a conductive electroactive film on the GCE surface. The modified electrodes were characterized usingcyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which revealed an increased effective surfacearea and a significant reduction in charge transfer resistance of the electrode. An oxidative peak at a lowerpotential with a six-fold increase in peak current was observed at the poly(C2)/GCE. The absence of a reductivepeak in the reverse scan indicated the irreversibility of the electrochemical oxidation of CPF. The correlationcoefficient between the peak current and the square root of the scan rate indicated that CPF oxidation at the poly(C2)/GCE was primarily controlled by diffusion mass transport. With a detection limit of 3.4 × 10 9 M, thevoltammetric current response of CPF at the poly(C2)/GCE under optimal circumstances showed a linear trendwith concentrations ranging from 5.0 × 10 8 to 2.0 × 10 4 M. It was discovered that the CPF levels in theexamined tablet brands fell between 98.35 % and 101.30 % of their stated ranges. The recovery results for tabletand urine samples ranged from 99.44 % to 99.95 % and 99.25 % to 100.51 %, respectively, with interferencerecovery showing an error of less than 4.73 %. When it came to determining CPF in tablet formulations andhuman urine samples, the new approach outperformed recently published voltammetric methods. This superi-ority can be attributed to the simplicity of the electrode modification step, the lowest limit of detection, and areasonably wide linear dynamic range.
Keywords: Electrochemical determination; Ciprofloxacin; Poly(μ-4,4′-bipyridine(bis(1,10-phenanthroline))cobalt(II)chloride)); Glassy carbon electrodeTablet formulations

Precision agriculture technologies (PATs) transform crop production by enabling more sustainable and efcient agriculturalpractices. Tese technologies utilize data-driven approaches to optimize the management of crops, soil, and resources, thusenhancing both productivity and environmental sustainability. Tis article reviewed the application of PATs for sustainable cropproduction and environmental sustainability around the globe. Key components of PAT include remote sensing, GPS-guidedequipment, variable rate technology (VRT), and Internet of Tings (IoT) devices. Remote sensing and drones deliver high-resolution imagery and data, enabling precise monitoring of crop health, soil conditions, and pest activity. GPS-guided machineryensures accurate planting, fertilizing, and harvesting, which reduces waste and enhances efciency. VRToptimizes resource use byallowing farmers to apply inputs such as water, fertilizers, and pesticides at varying rates across a feld based on real-time data andspecifc crop requirements. Tis reduces over-application and minimizes environmental impact, such as nutrient runof andgreenhouse gas emissions. IoT devices and sensors provide continuous monitoring of environmental conditions and crop status,enabling timely and informed decision-making. Te application of PAT contributes signifcantly to environmental sustainabilityby promoting practices that conserve water, reduce chemical usage, and enhance soil health. By enhancing the precision ofagricultural operations, these technologies reduce the environmental impact of farming, while simultaneously boosting cropyields and proftability. As the global demand for food increases, precision agriculture ofers a promising pathway to achievingsustainable crop production and ensuring long-term environmental health.Keywords: environmental sustainability; precision agriculture technologies; precision farming; sustainable crop production

Background: Armed conflicts significantly disrupt healthcare systems, leading to infrastructure destruction, shortages of medical supplies, and reduced access to essential health services. The Amhara region has experienced prolonged conflict, raising concerns about its impact on healthcare delivery. Understanding the extent of these disruptions is crucial for informing policy responses and humanitarian interventions.
Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the impact of armed conflict on healthcare delivery in the Amhara region.
Study design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Methods: Conducted between June 1 and July 10, 2024, this meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive search was performed across PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Library. Eligible studies included English-language observational studies and grey literature addressing healthcare disruptions, infrastructure damage, and health crises. Data were analyzed using STATA Version 14, and study quality was assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.
Results: Twelve studies, encompassing 12,037,279 participants, were included. The pooled prevalence of health impacts was 76.71 % (95 % CI: 76.63-76.78). The conflict rendered 60 % of healthcare facilities nonfunctional, disrupted medical supplies for 70 % of the population, and reduced service availability by 80 %. Chronic disease management, mental health services, maternal care, and immunization programs experienced significant declines. Subgroup analyses indicated a higher prevalence of health impacts in studies published after 2022 (70.72 %) compared to those published before 2022 (28.35 %).
Conclusion: Armed conflict in the Amhara region has severely disrupted healthcare services, leading to facility closures, medical supply shortages, and significant declines in essential health services. Urgent interventions are required to restore healthcare infrastructure and services.

Keywords: Amhara; Armed conflict; Meta-analysis; Prevalence; Systematic review.

Introduction: One of the main complications for stroke patients is aspiration pneumonia, which is an acute lunginfection brought on by the entry of endogenous flora and various bodily substances from the gastrointestinaltract into the respiratory system. Aspiration pneumonia following a stroke was linked to older age, gender,dysarthria, denture use, cerebral atrophy, and basal ganglia-infarcted foci. Despite improvements in care, theepidemiological and prognostic effects of pneumonia associated with stroke are increasing mortality andmorbidity.Objective: To assess the pooled prevalence of aspiration pneumonia among stroke patients in Ethiopia.Methods: Several databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar, African JournalsOnline (AJOL), grey literature, and articles from the repository of Ethiopian universities, were examined to findavailable articles. The data were extracted and sorted in Microsoft Excel and exported to STATA/MP 17.0 foranalysis. The Newcastle-Ottawa (NOS) was employed to assess each study’s qualities. A weighted inverse vari-ance random-effects model with a 95 % confidence interval was used to examine the pooled prevalence ofaspiration pneumonia. The Galbraith plot and funnel plot were used to evaluate heterogeneity and publicationbias, respectively. To identify the possible cause of heterogeneity, subgroup analysis and meta-regression wereperformed. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Result: The pooled prevalence of aspiration pneumonia among stroke patients in Ethiopia was 31.65 % (95 % CI:25.30–38.01). Visual examination of the Galbraith plot reveals the presence of significant heterogeneity (I2 =96.55 %, p < 0.001). Studies conducted in Addis Ababa and Harar revealed the highest prevalence of aspirationpneumonia: 37.67 % (95 % CI: 31.56, 43.78). Similarly, articles carried out before 2020 and studies done usingcross-sectional study design revealed the highest proportion of aspiration pneumonia: 32.97 % (95 % CI: 24.96,40.98) and 36.75 (95 % CI: 32.11, 41.38), respectively.Conclusion: Nearly one-third of stroke patients developed aspiration pneumonia. The highest prevalence wasreported in Addis Ababa and Harar regions. As a result, early detection, treatment, and control of stroke areadvisable to prevent the occurrence of aspiration pneumonia.
Keywords: Aspiration pneumonia, Stroke, Cerebrovascular accident, Systematic review, Meta-analysis, Ethiopia

Property valuation is a critical process in estimating the fair market value of a property during a transaction and title transfer, which has significant implications for tax collection, infrastructure development, and economic growth of one’s country. However, due to the absence of standardized valuation frameworks, Ethiopia’s valuation system is inconsistent between the government estimations and actual market values. It is also a reliance on the arbitrary estimation of brokers and influenced by deliberate agreements between sellers and buyers to undervalue real properties. These factors contribute the loss of potential government revenue in real property transaction. Thus, this study assesses the challenges and future prospects of real property valuation for title transferring during transactions in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia. The study focuses on inconsistencies in real property valuation practices, its implication for tax revenue, and the role and influence of brokers in the actual real property market. This study employs a mixed research approach by combining surveys, interviews, and document reviews to investigate the discrepancies between the government estimated value, the actual market value at which the property was transacted, and the agreed-up transaction price reported by both the seller and buyer. The findings of this study reveal significant gaps in the Ethiopia’s real property valuation system, including reliance on non-standardized valuation frameworks, outdated construction material prices, an irregular update to land grading and pricing, and the dominance of broker-led valuation characterized by arbitrary estimations, contributes to inaccurate valuation of real property leading to tax evasion and government revenue loss. The study reveals and analyzes how these practices cause revenue loss to the government, with documented cases showing significant differences between property value in the actual market and the value agreed upon by two parties (buyer and seller) used for tax assessment. Moreover, it identifies procedural inefficiencies, such as the absence of standardized valuation systems, reliance on nonprofessional brokers, and weak enforcement mechanisms, all of which aggravate inequities in real property valuation, transaction, and revenue collection. In order to address these issues, the study recommends adopting and implementing international valuation standards, regular updates to construction material prices, land grading and pricing systems, and the implementation of strict regulatory frameworks for brokerage practices. Through the integration of Ethiopia’s valuation system with global best practices, this research aims to ensure reasonable taxation and improve revenue collection for fostering sustainable economic growth in the region. The findings contribute to the border discussions on land administration reform in developing economies, emphasizing the need for institutional capacity building and legal framework development.Keywords: Real property, Valuation, Title Transfer, Broker, Amhara region

Ethiopia’s modern education transitioned from traditional religious systems to modernduring emperor Menilek ii’s reign. a significant historical overview of modern educationin the country was laid from 1905 to 1941; however, scholars made a passive remarkto study the historical development of education in the period. therefore, this studypurposely assessed the period’s early missionary, government‑sponsored, and italian‑runmodern schools. to conduct this study, the researcher collected primary and secondarysources. the sources were then arranged, presented, and carefully examined. Finally, aqualitative research method of a descriptive research design was principally employedto analyze the data. the analysis revealed that ethiopia’s education development hasfaced many challenges from the beginning to 1941. Despite efforts from rulers andintellectuals, ethiopia’s education faced challenges such as church resistance and thefascist massacre of educated ethiopians in 1937, which resulted in the loss of educatedpreference. education remained deficient in quantity and inappropriate in quality. inconclusion, numerous challenges significantly hampered the development of moderneducation in ethiopia before 1941, leaving a lasting impact. thus, education did notbring modernity to ethiopia as expected. therefore, understanding these challenges iscrucial for informing contemporary educational policies and practices in ethiopia.

Introduction: The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellites (DM), especially type 2 diabetes mellitus, presents significant challenges for healthcare systems. Effective blood glucose management is essential for preventing serious complications, and telehealth offers a promising approach to improve patient engagement and adherence. The effectiveness of telehealth on blood glucose management should be investigated. The evaluated metric for diabetes management plans in this study was the change in blood glucose levels, specifically HbA1c, as an indicator of glycemic control. The impact of telehealth interventions on these outcomes was analyzed across various patient groups. This review conducts a comprehensive analysis of the current literature to offer insights that can guide clinical practices and inform policymakers about the advantages of telehealth in managing diabetes.
Methods: In this study, several evidence-based databases and relevant clinical trial registries were searched to evaluate the effects of telehealth on blood glucose management among patients with diabetes. The included studies were randomized controlled trials that compared telehealth with traditional in-person management. Microsoft Excel was used to extract and sort the data before it was exported to STATA/MP 17.0 for analysis. A weighted inverse variance random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval was employed to pool the data. Egger's test and Cochrane I2 statistics were used to assess publication bias and heterogeneity, respectively.
Result: This review identified six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving a total of 3,995 patients, with 2,022 in the telehealth intervention group and 1,973 in the control group, conducted across the USA, Asia, and Europe. The analysis showed a significant improvement in blood glucose control for patients using telehealth, evidenced by a Standard Mean Difference (SMD) of 0.20 (95% CI: 0.10-0.29; p < 0.001), with USA studies reflecting the highest SMD of 0.24 and diabetic veterans showing an even greater SMD of 0.41.
Conclusion and recommendations: This study demonstrates that telehealth interventions significantly enhance blood glucose management among patients with diabetes. The findings highlight the need for healthcare systems to prioritize telehealth integration into diabetes management protocols while developing tailored interventions to meet the diverse needs of various patient populations.

Keywords: Blood glucose; Diabetes mellitus; HbA1c; Meta-analysis; Systematic review; Telehealth.

Executive Summary Concerns over chemical contaminants and toxins in local foods and beverages have been raised recently. These days, chronic illness is more common, and toxicants and other contaminants found in food and drink have been linked to many documented fatalities. The chemical toxicants that will be analyzed in this study include acrylamide (a processing toxicant arising from deep roasting of food samples), aflatoxin B1 (a poisonous chemical discharged by mold and fungi), pesticide residues (resulting from pesticide application to cereal, vegetable, and fruits), and methanol (a chemical toxicant produced by spontaneous fermentation of local alcoholic beverages). The acrylamide content of the food samples will be measured via LC/MS-MS. Aflatoxin analysis will be performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), whilst pesticide residues and methanol concentrations will be assessed using a gas chromatography (GC) method equipped with computer-integrated software. This research will be undertaken in three phases. The first phase is collecting food and beverage samples (at least 30 food samples suspected of being chemically contaminated) from selected districts and assessing the toxic substances. The second phase relies on the results of the first phase; for severely contaminated foods, the sources of contamination and factors leading to the presence of chemical toxicants will be investigated. Finally, optimal processing will be investigated to remove or decrease toxic chemicals. The assessment of chemical contaminants in local foods and beverages is important as consumers become more conscious of their health and well-being. Therefore, this research aims to provide insight into the existence, concentrations, and possible health hazards associated with chemical contaminants in foods and beverages that are produced locally. It also makes actionable suggestions for resolving this pressing problem.

Executive Summary Concerns over chemical contaminants and toxins in local foods and beverages have been raised recently. These days, chronic illness is more common, and toxicants and other contaminants found in food and drink have been linked to many documented fatalities. The chemical toxicants that will be analyzed in this study include acrylamide (a processing toxicant arising from deep roasting of food samples), aflatoxin B1 (a poisonous chemical discharged by mold and fungi), pesticide residues (resulting from pesticide application to cereal, vegetable, and fruits), and methanol (a chemical toxicant produced by spontaneous fermentation of local alcoholic beverages). The acrylamide content of the food samples will be measured via LC/MS-MS. Aflatoxin analysis will be performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), whilst pesticide residues and methanol concentrations will be assessed using a gas chromatography (GC) method equipped with computer-integrated software. This research will be undertaken in three phases. The first phase is collecting food and beverage samples (at least 30 food samples suspected of being chemically contaminated) from selected districts and assessing the toxic substances. The second phase relies on the results of the first phase; for severely contaminated foods, the sources of contamination and factors leading to the presence of chemical toxicants will be investigated. Finally, optimal processing will be investigated to remove or decrease toxic chemicals. The assessment of chemical contaminants in local foods and beverages is important as consumers become more conscious of their health and well-being. Therefore, this research aims to provide insight into the existence, concentrations, and possible health hazards associated with chemical contaminants in foods and beverages that are produced locally. It also makes actionable suggestions for resolving this pressing problem.