While Model Predictive Control (MPC) has been widely studied in power electronics, its real-time imple-mentation on DC-DC boost converters—particularly under variable loading conditions—remains limited. Thispaper proposes a new real-time implementation of the Model Predictive Control (MPC) law for a DC-DC boostconverter connected to variable loads. This implementation ensures precise current regulation through accurateduty cycle control updates, enabling the inverter’s frequency switching to be activated or deactivated as needed.This is achieved by proposing a predictive model of the current occurring in the first channel of the convertermodel, where a fitness function—comprising reference tracking and control effort—is minimized. Compared tothe proportional-integral (PI) controller, the MPC law proves more efficient, particularly in preventing oscilla-tions in both transient and steady-state output current responses. This advantage is validated through experi-mental tests for either a current inductance load or a resistive load. Since this type of real-time implementationhas not been previously applied on this converter, it constitutes the main contribution of this paper.
Keywords: PI controller, DC-DC boost converters, Model predictive control (MPC), Experimental validation

Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to examine the repercussions of Red Sea instability on the Red Sea Region security. This research is significant in providing theoretical insights for stakeholders to address the repercussions of Red Sea instability in the Red Sea Region for the region's states. This study employed a Qualitative research approach with a Case study research design, and data were collected through interviews and document analysis. The data was analysed through thematic analysis. Based on the analysis conducted; the study found that the instability of Red Sea leads to various socio-economic problems in the region, such as economic disruptions, political instability, piracy threat, Security threats and diplomatic challenges, increased competition among regional powers, potential to proxy war, large-scale displacement and refugee influx, proliferation of arms and weapons, disruption of trade route in the region states. In general, the findings of this study revealed that the Red Sea region governments play a pivotalrole in addressing the multi-faceted challenges of Red Sea instability in the region by strengthening diplomatic engagement with neighbouring Red Sea countries & regional powers; exploring economic diversificationstrategies for their economy, and enhancing and legalizing their maritime security. Red Sea region states should collaborate with international organizations, strengthen national institutions, strengthen security forces, and address conflicts in the Red Sea Region to prevent spillover effects and counter terrorism efforts.Keywords: Red Sea, Red Sea region, Security,Turmoil

Eucalyptus is the most preferred exotic species in diferent parts of Ethiopia, particularly in the northern part of the country,including the study area. Socioeconomic, institutional, and endowment variables are an infuence on the production of thisspecies. Te purpose of this study was to identify determinants of Eucalyptus woodlot production for producer farmers in thestudy area. Multistage sampling techniques were used in order to select the district, kebeles, and household heads to beinterviewed. Te district and the kebeles were selected purposefully based on their high potential for Eucalyptus production,whereas ninety-six (96) sampled respondent farmers were selected by using simple random sampling techniques. A multiple linearregression (OLS) model was used to run the determinants of Eucalyptus woodlot production, and descriptive statistics were usedto describe the socioeconomic characteristics of smallholder Eucalyptus producers in the form of means, frequencies, andpercentages. Te respondents use Eucalyptus products for construction and fuel wood. Rural farmers produced about 70% ofconstruction wood products and 30% of fuel wood products annually. Five variables (i.e., woodlot size, woodlot density, andmarket information) signifcantly afected woodlot production, whereas the age of farmers and market distance were negativelyafected. In order to produce better income from Eucalyptus products, the collaboration eforts of all responsible groups (i.e.,farmers, researchers, governments, and others) should be required.

Background: Children on the streets are still vulnerable to early and unsafe sexual experiences. Having multiple sexual partners and the limited use of condoms were major risk factors for the spread of sexually transmitted diseases among youths in Ethiopia.
Objective: This study aimed to explore the risk factors of sexual and reproductive health problems, service utilization, and challenges among street youths in the East Gojjam Zone.
Method: A phenomenological study design was employed on street youths residing in the East Gojjam Zone. Study participants were purposively recruited from four town administrations in the East Gojjam Zone. The primary study unit was street youths who live in the zone. Eight in-depth interviews and eight focus group discussions were conducted. The data were audio recorded and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis.
Results: In this study, the risk factors that exposed street youths to sexual and reproductive health problems included low perceived susceptibility, lack of awareness of sexual and reproductive health, having multiple sexual partners, exposure to pornographic films, and utilization of alcoholic drinks and substances. Mainly, those street youths who were engaged in transactional sexual relationships were utilizing condoms consistently and had regular HIV screening tests. In addition, few street youths ever utilized maternal and child health services. The unsupportive behavior of health professionals, the absence of exact data, the health system, and lack of specific responsible organization on the sexual and reproductive health of street youths were considered major challenges.
Conclusion and recommendation: Most of the street youths were not utilizing reproductive health services. Limitation on the accessibility of sexual and reproductive health services to this segment of the population was the main contributing factor. So, the health system and policy should take front-line responsibility for the sexual and reproductive health of street youths and consider convenient reproductive health service programs for them.

Keywords: Risk factors; Sexual and reproductive health service utilization; Street youths.

One of the biggest global challenges to development and public health is road traffic accidents (RTAs). As aresult, this study focuses on analysing road traffic accident determinant factors using the Wrapper Feature Se-lection Method in case of East Gojjam Zone located in Amhara region, Ethiopia, sub-Saharan. To do this, EastGojjam Road traffic office RTA data classified as simple injury, major injury, and death is gathered. The gatheredinformation is pre-processed before being used using machine learning classification algorithms includingNearest Neighbour (KNN), Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and NaïveBayes (NB). Using the wrapper feature selection approach, the most significant factor was identified using themachine-learning algorithm KNN, which obtained the best classification score with an accuracy of 99.5 %. Thus,the type of vehicle, the reason for the accident, the location of the accident, and the licence level were identifiedas crucial RTA factors. Finally, the variables, Sino track, unfavourable weather, Dolphin, and Debre Elias rated100 %, 100 %, 85 %, and 82.35 % for fatality in relation to the factors licence driver, cause of accident, type ofvehicle, and accident location, respectively.
Keywords: Road traffic accident, East Gojjam, Amhara region, Ethiopia, Machine learning, Feature selection, Filter, Wrapper method, Embedded method, Data mining

Abstract The main purpose of this study is assessing the Root Causes and Possible Way Outs of the Current Armed Conflict in Amhara Region. To acquire sufficient and detail information, mixed research approach, and a descriptive research with cross sectional design had employed that intends to reckon the root causes, aggravating factors, and its way outs. The total numbers of participants were 420for survey, 42 key informants and 64 discussants. Participants were selected from the entire target population using both probability and non-probability sampling techniques. From probability sampling technique; proportional and simple random sampling methods were used to choose research participants. From the non-probability sampling technique on the other hand, purposive sampling method had employed to attain a pivotal and constructive data that pertinent to the study. The data which was obtained from survey questionnaires were analyzed through descriptive statistics (mean), while the qualitative data have been analyzed by narration and thematic methods of analyses. The study found out that the root causes of armed conflict which had happened in Amhara region are human rights violations, living Situation of Amhara‘s ethnic, disband the Amhara regional special force, kidnapping of Amhara ethnic, ethnic based attack, less political representation, identity question, hate speech by higher officials over Amhara peoples, failure of government to keep the security of its people. Due to attack innocent peoples and sexual violence committed by government forces intensified the conflict in the region. Besides, instead of disclose for negotiation, the incumbent government opted to fight Fano militants. Thereby, armed conflict exacerbated and has been endless in the region so far. The finding confirmed that federal government forces, Amhara regional forces, Fano militants, social Medias‘ activists are the actors who involved in and ignite this weapon based conflict in Amhara region. Therefore, amending the constitution, ensure fair distribution of resources and rule of law, protect human rights, give immediate answers for identity question, establish transitional government can address the problem. Key Words: Amhara, Armed conflict, Causes, Way out

Background Understanding the student’s perspective of their clinical learning environment (CLE) might assist todiscover solutions to improve the learning process and increase engagement. However, there is a lack of informationon this issue, particularly in Ethiopia. The purpose of this study was to assess the satisfaction of undergraduatemedical and health science students with their clinical learning environment, as well as to identify the factors thataffect it.Methods Institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire among412 medical and health science students from Debre Markos University in 2023 through a simple random samplingtechnique. Mean, median, frequencies, and percentages were used to describe the data. A multivariate logisticregression model was fitted to test the association of dependent and independent variables. The Hosmer-Lemeshowgoodness-of-fit test was used to check the fitness of the model. Variables with a p-value < 0.05 with a 95% confidenceinterval were considered statistically significant.Results The questionnaire was completed by 394 individuals in total, generating a response rate of 95.63%.Approximately half (49.7%) of the participants were satisfied with their CLE. Age (AOR = 1.12; 95%CI = 1.02, 1.22),university positive perceptions (AOR = 1.60; 95%CI = 1.04, 2.43) and curriculum positive perception (AOR = 2.70;95%CI = 1.73, 4.10) were all positively associated with CLE satisfaction.Conclusion In this study, approximately half of the respondents were satisfied with their CLE. Age, positiveperceptions of the university and positive perceptions of the curriculum were all positively associated with CLEsatisfaction. The university and clinical facilitators should work together to improve infrastructure, and the facilities

This study aimed to determine the seasonality, feed balance, and copying mechanisms oflivestock feed in the east Gojjam Zone of northwestern ethiopia. to collect the data, the zonedivided into three agroecologies (lowland, midland, and highland) and randomly selected twodistricts from each agroecology to represent appropriate agroecologies. the study involved540 respondents – 45 from each peasant association – and utilized key informant interviews,focus groups, questionnaires, and direct observations for data collection. According to thefindings, the study reveals that feed availability in all agroecologies fluctuates seasonally. thetotal dry matter and crude protein supplies per household per year in highland, midland, andlowland agroecologies were 8.69, 15.49, and 14.94 tons, and 0.05, 0.91, and 0.90 tons,respectively. the yearly dry matter and crude protein requirements for livestock in highland,midland, and lowland agroecologies were 11.9, 22.2, and 19.5 t/hh/yr, and 1.4, 2.6, and 2.5 t/hh/yr, respectively. the total amounts of dry matter and crude protein produced in the studyareas satisfied only 73.3, 69.7, and 76.6%, and 32.1, 35.5, and 36.3% of the livestockrequirements in the highland, midland, and lowland agroecologies, respectively. Producers inthe study areas employ strategies such as purchasing feed, preserving crop residue, andreducing herd sizes to address livestock shortages of dry matter and crude protein. to addressthe issue, a new strategy should be employed, including managing natural pastures, increasingforage crop cultivation, providing protein-rich feed, and improving crop residue quality usingeffective microorganisms.

Introduction: The magnitude of poor sleep quality among people with asthma is widespread and has detrimental consequences, including a higher chance of having poor work performance, an increase in the frequency of asthma attacks, an increase in the need for overnight hospitalization, and a worse health related quality of life. However, it has not been well studied, especially in low-income countries like Ethiopia. This study's objective was to assess the degree of sleep quality and related factors among people with asthma who had follow-up visits at public hospitals in the East Gojjam Zone.
Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 406 people with asthma through consecutive sampling techniques at public hospitals in East Gojjam Zone from June 6 to July 1, 2022. Sleep quality was measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index through a face-to-face interview, and the collected data were entered into Epi Data version 4.4.2 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Logistic regression was fitted to assess the association between dependent and independent variables. Variables with a P-value

This paper addresses the smart management and control of an independent hybrid system based onrenewable energies. The suggested system comprises a photovoltaic system (PVS), a wind energyconversion system (WECS), a battery storage system (BSS), and electronic power devices that arecontrolled to enhance the efficiency of the generated energy. Regarding the load side, the systemcomprises AC loads, DC loads, and a water pump. An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)-based MPPT technique is suggested to enhance the efficiency of the PVS and WECS. This technologyprovided good performance compared with the Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm and MPPT-basedfuzzy logic controller (FLC). The use of the ANFIS-PI proposed to control the bidirectional converteraccomplished voltage stabilization for the DC bus. This work also came with a fuzzy logic-basedalgorithm to manage the load side that depends on battery charge ratio, solar radiation, and windspeed. According to results obtained in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, the proposed technologieswere found to have performed well. The goal we were also pursuing was achieved through the fulluse of the energy generated by the proposed algorithm. The proposed study holds great potential forremote regions.Index terms: Renewable energy, Hybrid system, MPPT, ANFIS controller, Management