This paper addresses the smart management and control of an independent hybrid system based onrenewable energies. The suggested system comprises a photovoltaic system (PVS), a wind energyconversion system (WECS), a battery storage system (BSS), and electronic power devices that arecontrolled to enhance the efficiency of the generated energy. Regarding the load side, the systemcomprises AC loads, DC loads, and a water pump. An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)-based MPPT technique is suggested to enhance the efficiency of the PVS and WECS. This technologyprovided good performance compared with the Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm and MPPT-basedfuzzy logic controller (FLC). The use of the ANFIS-PI proposed to control the bidirectional converteraccomplished voltage stabilization for the DC bus. This work also came with a fuzzy logic-basedalgorithm to manage the load side that depends on battery charge ratio, solar radiation, and windspeed. According to results obtained in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, the proposed technologieswere found to have performed well. The goal we were also pursuing was achieved through the fulluse of the energy generated by the proposed algorithm. The proposed study holds great potential forremote regions.Index terms: Renewable energy, Hybrid system, MPPT, ANFIS controller, Management

Eucalyptus was frst introduced to Ethiopia in the late 19th century to address the scarcity of frewood and construction wood in thecapital city. Since then, it has spread across the country and has become an important source of income for many households whilealso reducing the need for deforestation. Despite concerns raised by environmentalists about its eco-hydrological impact, theplantation has expanded to cover a vast area of the nation, including farmlands and mountainous regions. Currently, around506,000 hectares of land in Ethiopia are covered by Eucalyptus plantations. Te growth of Eucalyptus plantations can be attributed tovarious socioeconomic, ecological, and biological factors, including the increasing demand for wood and wood products. However,this growth has also led to negative environmental consequences such as reduced surface and groundwater fow, decreased cropproductivity, soil fertility degradation and depletion, and high water consumption, which can result in water scarcity. To address theseenvironmental impacts, it is essential to select appropriate species and sites and implement proper silvicultural and land use planningbefore planting. Additionally, promoting renewable energy sources and planting environmentally sound fast-growing indigenousand exotic tree species can help reduce the adverse efects of Eucalyptus on the environment.Keywords: deforestation; environmental impacts; Eucalyptus plantation; indigenous and exotic tree species

IntroductionLimited or shared sanitation services are considered improved sanitation facilities, but theyare shared between two or more households. Globally, 600 million people use shared toiletfacilities. Although shared facilities are not classified as improved sanitation due to potentialinfection risks, inaccessibility, and safety concerns, this is a significant issue in developingcountries like Ethiopia. Evidence on the distribution of shared sanitation services and theirdeterminants in Ethiopia is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the extent ofshared toilet facilities and their determinants among households in Ethiopia.MethodsThe 2019 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) served as the basis for thecross-sectional secondary data analysis. The analysis included a total of 7,770 householdsfrom the weighted sample. STATA 14 software was used to clean, weigh, and analyze thedata. To explore the distribution and determine the factors associated with shared toilet facil-ities in Ethiopia, both spatial and mixed-effect analyses were utilized. A p-value of less than0.05 was used to display the relationships between the dependent and independent vari-ables, employing adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.ResultsThe magnitude of improved shared sanitation facilities among households in Ethiopia,according to the EDHS 2019, was 10.5% (95% CI: 9.88, 11.24). The prevalence was highestin Addis Ababa at 70.2% and lowest in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’Region at 2.4%. Individual-level variables significantly associated with the use of improvedshared toilet facilities included being a household head aged 55 years or older [AOR = 0.48;
95% CI: 0.33, 0.71], having secondary education or higher [AOR = 2.43; 95% CI: 1.80,3.28], and belonging to middle or rich wealth status [middle: AOR = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.35,3.96; rich: AOR = 6.23; 95% CI: 3.84, 10.11]. Community-level characteristics such as resid-ing in urban areas [AOR = 7.60; 95% CI: 3.47, 16.67], the metropolitan region [AOR =25.83; 95% CI: 10.1, 66.3], and periphery regions [AOR = 5.01; 95% CI: 2.40, 10.48] werealso associated with the use of shared toilet facilities.ConclusionThe usage of improved shared toilet facilities among households in Ethiopia is relatively low.Significant factors related to the use of shared toilet facilities were being 55 years of age orolder, possessing secondary or higher education, having a middle or rich wealth status, liv-ing in urban areas, and residing in metropolitan or peripheral regions. To improve access toand utilization of shared sanitation facilities, Ethiopian policy should emphasize user educa-tion and awareness.

ABSTRACTSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized from the root extract Stephania abyssinica by aneco-friendly and cost-effective method. Stephania abyssinica root extract with AgNO3 solutionwas used to synthesize AgNPs. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis,FTIR and XRD spectrophotometers. The antimicrobial activity of the nanoparticles was testedby the agar disc diffusion method. The result was that the dark yellow colour solution changedto brown solution with AgNO3 solution confirming the formation of AgNPs. The UV–Vis peak at275 nm in the plant extract shows the presence of organic compounds that interact with silverto form AgNPs. The FTIR spectrum of AgNPs shows peaks at 3406 cm−1, 2353 cm−1, 1615 cm−1and 1021 cm−1. The XRD result showed that the AgNPs are face centred cubic crystallinestructures having a size of 20.8 nm. The synthesized AgNps are more potent in Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria.
KEYWORDS: Silver nanoparticles; Stephania abyssinica; antimicrobial activity; green synthesis; spectral analysis

Background: Despite progress in reducing neonatal mortality rates in Ethiopia, the country still has a high neonatal mortality rate compared with the global average. Primary hospitals are critical in delivering basic neonatal care, particularly in rural areas. However, data on neonatal mortality and contributing factors in these settings are scarce. This study aimed to determine the survival status and predictors of neonatal mortality among neonates admitted to Bichena Primary Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.
Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted among 638 neonates admitted to the Bichena Primary Hospital neonatal intensive care unit from January 1, 2021, to April 30, 2023. Neonates were selected via a consecutive sampling method. Data were collected from medical records using a pretested checklist. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to estimate the neonatal survival time, and a Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to identify independent predictors of neonatal mortality.
Results: Of the 638 neonates followed, 21.5% died during the study period. The overall incidence rate of death was 66.69 per 1,000 neonate days. Hypothermia, birth injury, perinatal asphyxia, preterm birth, maternal history of abortion, low birth weight, and neonatal hypoglycemia were independent predictors of neonatal mortality.
Conclusion and recommendation: The study found a high rate of neonatal mortality, exceeding rates reported in other regions of Ethiopia. Most predictors were preventable and treatable. Therefore, early identification of obstetric complications, immediate interventions and postnatal care are crucial to reduce neonatal mortality and enhance overall neonatal outcomes.
Keywords: Ethiopia; neonate; predictors; primary hospitals; survival status.

Increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and environmental issues have heightened the demandfor renewable energy sources (RES) and prompted a swift transition to electric vehicles (EVs) in thetransportation sector. This shift underscores the need to address the challenges of electricity supplyand continuity for electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS). This study aims to determine the mostsuitable hybrid systems to ensure the electricity supply to EVCSs in the Çukurova region of Adana,Turkey. Six different scenarios involving components such as photovoltaic (PV) panel, wind turbine(WT), biomass generators (BG), electrolyzer (Elz), hydrogen tank (HT), fuel cell (FC), batteries (Bat),inverter (Inv), and the grid were analyzed using HOMER Pro microgrid analysis tool version 3.14.2software. The optimization results indicated that the most feasible system was Scenario 4, comprisingthe PV, BG, Elz, HT, FC, Inv, and grid components. This scenario’s total net present cost (NPC) was$611,283.50, with a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of $0.0215. The annual energy productionand consumption were 1,507,169 kWh and 1,420,714 kWh, respectively. The fact that the energygenerated from exceeds the energy sourced from the grid reduces the payback period of the system.These findings highlight the economic and sustainable potential of renewable hybrid systems forenhancing the performance of EVCS in solar-rich regions.Keywords: Energy cost efficiency, Renewable energy integration, Electric vehicle charging stations, Hybridsystems, Optimization, Energy sustainability

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) holds significant promise in addressing economic challenges and malnutrition issues. However, various factorsin Ethiopia impede its production and consumption. This review investigates sweet potato potential as a versatile solution for nutritionalchallenges in Ethiopia. Although the global yield of sweet potato reaches 14 tons/ha, in Ethiopia, it stands at approximately 8.1 tons/ha. In Africa,sweet potato is known as the 'poor person’s crop' and is primarily grown on a small scale by women for subsistence. Sweet potatoes are rich inessential nutrients such as vitamins C and E, B vitamins, iron, zinc, potassium, and fiber. Additionally, in Ethiopia, sweet potato leaves are utilizedas food, animal feed, and traditional medicine. Notably, they contain high levels of lutein (ranging from 38-51 mg/100 g), surpassing those foundin kale (38 mg/100 g) and spinach (12 mg/100 g). Leaves encompass protein (25%−37%), carbohydrate (42%−61%), crude fat (2%−5%), fiber(23%−38%), ascorbic acid (60−200 mg/100 g), and carotene (60−120 mg/100g). Malnutrition is continued as a major hurdle for millions ofEthiopians. Currently, stunting, wasting, and vitamin A deficiency (VAD) stand as the primary factors contributing to premature mortality inEthiopia. Despite the country's considerable potential for sweet potato cultivation and utilization, both yields and consumption remainremarkably low. Lack of clean planting materials, pests and diseases, knowledge gap, and poor market system are the key challenges of sweetpotato production in Ethiopia. Hence, to ease the malnutrition problems in Ethiopia, sweet potato production and utilization should be adept in abroader range.

Abstract Background: Hospitals usually encounter human, capital, and financial resource constraints which alerts the efficient use of allocated resources more than ever. Health system managers are required to identify inefficient hospitals and the drivers of the inefficiencies. Although there are multiple studies examining the efficiency of public hospitals in East Africa, their findings are often variable and inconsistent. Therefore, this study aimed to review published articles on technical efficiency of public hospitals in East African countries. Methods: A systematic search of published articles on the technical efficiency of public hospitals was employed using Pubmed, Cochrane library, and google scholar and thirteen studies were included to this review. The studies were described in terms of their publication year, sample size, inputs and outputs used in the efficiency analysis, and the technical efficiency levels. Finally, we assessed their quality and estimate the mean technical efficiency using meta-analysis. Results: The technical efficiency score of public hospitals varied across countries in east Africa which ranged from 0.64 ± 0.34 in Tanzania to 0.99 ± 0.03 in Ethiopia. The mean technical efficiency was 0.82 (95% CI = 0.56, 1.07) for primary hospitals and 0.88 (95% CI = 0.82, 0.95) for secondary level hospitals. Technical efficiency of public hospitals was negatively correlated with the number of hospitals (the sample size) and positively correlated with the number of inputs and outputs included in the efficiency analysis. Conclusions: This review revealed that the technical efficiency of public hospitals in east Africa requires an improvement. To enable effective and efficient hospital management and improvement in hospital efficiency, health man-agers and policymakers must identify the drivers of hospital inefficiency. Systematic reviews on public hospital efficiency, which are currently rare in Africa, should be conducted on a much larger scale in order to create more, and validated information for use in policy-making. Trial registration: This review protocol was registered and approved by the international prospective register of systematic reviews with a Protocol ID: CRD42023444729. Keywords: Technical efficiency, Hospitals, Data envelopment analysis, East Africa, Systematic review

ntroduction: Cognitive impairment is a medical condition caused by neurodegeneration, marked by a gradualdecline in neurological, motor, psychological, and cognitive domain functions, as well as daily activities. Itprimarily affects individuals with conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, HIV/AIDS, diabetes mellitus,cancer, epilepsy, dementia, and other chronic illnesses, as well as older adults. While some individual studieshave explored the effects of cognitive impairment, there is a lack of nationwide research to provide a compre-hensive understanding of its burden among individuals with chronic diseases.Objective: To assess the pooled prevalence of cognitive impairment and its associated factors among individualswith chronic diseases in Ethiopia.Methods: Several databases were examined to find available articles. The data were extracted and sorted inMicrosoft Excel before being exported to STATA/MP 17.0 for analysis. A random-effects Der Simonian-Lairdmodel with a 95 % confidence interval was used to pool the data. Cochrane I2 statistics and Egger’s test wereused to evaluate heterogeneity and publication bias, respectively. To determine the cause of heterogeneity,subgroup analysis was performed. A log-odds ratio was utilized to illustrate the association between cognitiveimpairment and its associated factors. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Result: This study included 22 individual articles comprising a total of 6818 participants. The overall prevalenceof cognitive impairment among individuals with chronic diseases was 44.43 % (95 % CI: 37.76–51.10). Studiesconducted in Addis Ababa reported a higher prevalence of 50.89 % (95 % CI: 34.59–67.19). Similarly, researchfocusing on older adults indicated the highest prevalence, at 57.58 % (95 % CI: 28.78–86.39). Participants whoare unable to read and write were 3.82 times more likely to experience cognitive impairment compared to thosewho had completed primary education (AOR = 3.82; 95 % CI: 2.97–4.91).Conclusion: This review found a high prevalence of cognitive impairment among Ethiopians with chronic dis-eases, especially in older adults and those in Addis Ababa. Illiteracy significantly increased the risk. Thesefindings highlight the need for targeted cognitive screening and integration of cognitive care into chronic diseasemanagement.
Keywords: Cognition, Cognitive impairment, Associated factors, Ethiopia

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Agricultural financing plays a critical role in enhancing crop productivity and fostering rural development, particularly in agrarian economies. This study aims to empirically investigate the impact of agricultural financing on the crop productivity of smallholder farmers and assess its implications on income inequality. To achieve this objective, a mixed research approach was adopted, integrating both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. An explanatory research design was employed to explore the causal relationship between access to agricultural financing and crop output. Primary data were collected from a sample of 800 crop-producing households using structured questionnaires, interview schedules, and focus group discussions, selected through simple random sampling. Secondary data were obtained through document reviews from relevant institutional sources. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and econometric modelling techniques, specifically Propensity Score Matching (PSM), to estimate the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). A binary logit model was used to identify the determinants of access to agricultural financing. The results revealed that age, seed cost, labor cost, tractor access (as a proxy for infrastructure), education level, and farming experience significantly influenced whether a household received agricultural financing. Conversely, variables such as plant protection, fertilizer use, and landholding size were found to have an insignificant effect. The covariate balancing indicators and balance plots confirmed that the matching algorithms were successful in reducing selection bias, with mean standardized bias decreasing by up to 77.5% and pseudo R² values dropping significantly post-matching. The common support condition was also satisfied, ensuring the reliability of the PSM estimates. The PSM results confirmed that agricultural financing had a statistically significant and positive impact on crop productivity. On average, farmers with access to financing produced ETB 3,942.53 to ETB 6,251.01 more per season compared to those without access, depending on the matching algorithm used (NNM-1, NNM-5, and KBM). The study concludes that agricultural financing significantly enhances crop productivity but may unintentionally exacerbate income inequality. It recommends targeted financial inclusion strategies to ensure equitable access to credit. Furthermore, it advocates for practical, hands-on training programs tailored to farmers‘ realworld needs, rather than theoretical lectures. Such capacity-building initiatives should focus on improving technical expertise, efficient input utilization, and financial literacy, thereby maximizing the benefits of agricultural financing for sustainable rural development. Keywords: Agricultural Financing, Crop Productivity, Propensity Score Matching, Logit, Gini