Ethiopia’s modern education transitioned from traditional religious systems to modernduring emperor Menilek ii’s reign. a significant historical overview of modern educationin the country was laid from 1905 to 1941; however, scholars made a passive remarkto study the historical development of education in the period. therefore, this studypurposely assessed the period’s early missionary, government‑sponsored, and italian‑runmodern schools. to conduct this study, the researcher collected primary and secondarysources. the sources were then arranged, presented, and carefully examined. Finally, aqualitative research method of a descriptive research design was principally employedto analyze the data. the analysis revealed that ethiopia’s education development hasfaced many challenges from the beginning to 1941. Despite efforts from rulers andintellectuals, ethiopia’s education faced challenges such as church resistance and thefascist massacre of educated ethiopians in 1937, which resulted in the loss of educatedpreference. education remained deficient in quantity and inappropriate in quality. inconclusion, numerous challenges significantly hampered the development of moderneducation in ethiopia before 1941, leaving a lasting impact. thus, education did notbring modernity to ethiopia as expected. therefore, understanding these challenges iscrucial for informing contemporary educational policies and practices in ethiopia.

Neo-colonialism is considered by many writers to be a strategy of the former colonialpowers and the new superpowers to implement various socioeconomic and politicalstrategies in developing countries. the Horn of africa, as a parcel of a developingregion, is recognized as a piece of the ‘grand chessboard’ of world geopolitics. inparticular, Us neo-colonialism has become an invisible government in almost allcountries in the Horn of africa. therefore, the main objective of this paper is to examineand write about the origin, discourses, concealment (mask), normative agents, andpotential perils of american neo-colonialism in the Horn of africa. indeed, the paperalso answers the question of whether the Us is a straightforward ally or a neo-colonialistin the Horn of africa. to document this, the paper would be limited to primary sourcessuch as letters, reports, and published secondary texts that have been available to thiswriter to date.
KEYWORDS: Neocolonialism; Us concealment; Horn ofafrica; normative agents

in ethiopia, urbanization and urban violence are recent phenomena dating back to thebeginning of the twentieth century. in the country’s long history, politics and urbanviolence have been bedfellows and reliable means of change, devolution, and reform.Since 1916, ethiopia has essentially experienced more violence in its urban’s than in itsrural areas due to recurrent episodes of political instability at the national level.ironically, ethiopian leaders were amateurs who were unable to draw lessons from theirpast deeds. Nevertheless, ethiopian historiography has devoted little attention to themagnitude of political issues-related urban violence in ethiopia. As a result, the paperattempted to analyse two goals. First, it tries to analyse the historical events of ethiopianurban violence from 1916–1991, and secondly, it tries to explain the tradition ofethiopian leaders to learn from past deeds. to document this extraordinary theme, thepaper grey on both primary sources and published secondary literature that have beenavailable to the writer to date. the collected data was systematically verified, analyzed,and interpreted through qualitative data analysis.
KEYWORDS: history; urban violence; ethiopia; dilettante

Neo-colonialism is considered by many writers to be a strategy of the former colonialpowers and the new superpowers to implement various socioeconomic and politicalstrategies in developing countries. the Horn of africa, as a parcel of a developingregion, is recognized as a piece of the ‘grand chessboard’ of world geopolitics. inparticular, Us neo-colonialism has become an invisible government in almost allcountries in the Horn of africa. therefore, the main objective of this paper is to examineand write about the origin, discourses, concealment (mask), normative agents, andpotential perils of american neo-colonialism in the Horn of africa. indeed, the paperalso answers the question of whether the Us is a straightforward ally or a neo-colonialistin the Horn of africa. to document this, the paper would be limited to primary sourcessuch as letters, reports, and published secondary texts that have been available to thiswriter to date.
EYWORDS: Neocolonialism; Us concealment; Horn of africa; normative agents