Recent advances in electrochemistry and electrode surface modification highlight the potential of transitionmetal coordination compounds as effective modifiers. This study presents sodium tetraresorcinolatocuprate(II)(Na₂[Cu(HR)₄]), a newly synthesized compound characterized using UV–Vis, FT-IR spectroscopy, ICP OES, andmelting point analysis. A poly(Na₂[Cu(HR)₄])/GCE was fabricated via potentiodynamic techniques, with cyclicvoltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirming the formation of a polymer film thatenhanced the electrode’s active area and electrocatalytic properties. The developed poly(Na₂[Cu(HR)₄])/GCEwas applied for determination of ciprofloxacin (CPF), an antibiotic prone to resistance issues, that requiresreliable monitoring in pharmaceutical and biological samples. The poly(Na₂[Cu(HR)₄]) modifier significantlyimproved CPF detection by reducing its oxidation potential and increasing current response by eightfoldcompared to unmodified electrodes, suggesting the modifier’s catalytic role in CPF oxidation. Differential pulsevoltammetry (DPV) showed a linear CPF response over concentrations of 1.0 × 10 8 to 4.0 × 10 4 M, withdetection and quantification limits of 2.0 nM and 6.8 nM, respectively. Analysis of commercial CPF brandsshowed 98.05–100.00 % accuracy, while spike recovery rates (99.25–100.40 %) and low interference errors(

The use of long acting contraceptive methods is a commonpractice among women seeking to prevent unintended pregnanciesand plan their families. This study seeks to identify factors associ-ated with the practice of long-acting contraceptive methods, par-ticularly in a conflict-affected area in Awi zone, North WestEthiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a multistagerandom sample of 1,334 women’s. Bivariable and multivariablebinary logistic regression has been applied to identify determinantfactors. Among the 1,334 women surveyed, 25.49% reportedusing long-acting contraceptive methods. The analysis revealedthat women’s educational level, wealth index, being visited byhealth extension, marital status, use of children as a source ofincome, and occupational status of women were factors signifi-cantly hindering the use of long-acting contraceptive methods inthe area. In conclusion, higher contraceptive use was observedamong educated, married women, women who used children as asource of income, and women employed by the government. It istherefore recommended that government officials in Awi Zone andpolicy makers should implement programs to increase female edu-cation and employment, which could lead to greater use of contra-ceptive methods for effective family planning.
Key words: Awi Zone, contraceptive methods, family planning, multiple logistic regression, Ethiopia.

Background: Managing chronic illness requires navigating a complex trajectory from diagnosis to end-of-life, with each phase necessitating specific nursing approaches. Effective management throughout these phases is vital for improving patient outcomes and quality of life.
Objective: This study aims to explore nursing approaches in managing chronic illness across its trajectory, from diagnosis to end-of-life care, focusing on phase-specific care, emotional support, education, interdisciplinary collaboration, and the challenges faced by nurses.
Methods: A qualitative research design using a grounded theory approach was employed to construct a theoretical framework grounded with the insights and experience of nurses' approaches across the chronic illness trajectory within Western Amhara, Ethiopia. The study comprised 24 nurses who were selected through the process of purposeful and theoretical sampling methods. Data was collected via in-depth interviews. Data analysis followed a constant comparative method, involving open, axial, and selective coding to identify key strategies and challenges across the illness trajectory.
Results: The primary finding of this study emphasizes the evolving and adaptive role of nurses in chronic illness management, highlighting their ability to provide personalized care, emotional support, and education throughout the illness trajectory. Central to the investigation is the theory of nurses' evolving and adaptive role in chronic illness management, where they adjust their strategies to address the physical, emotional, and psychological needs of patients and families, from pre-diagnosis to end-of-life care. The study identifies key adaptive strategies, including fostering resilience, facilitating interdisciplinary collaboration, and managing fluctuating symptoms. Despite challenges such as heavy workloads and emotional strain, nurses require training for continuous professional development, technological integration, and collaborative platforms to reinforce their critical role in optimizing patient outcomes in chronic illness management.
Conclusion: This study highlights nurses' adaptive role in chronic illness care, focusing on phase-specific interventions, emotional support, interdisciplinary collaboration, and education across entire illness trajectory to meet diverse needs of patients and their families. Despite challenges such as heavy workloads and emotional strain, the study recommends ongoing professional development and technological integration to optimize patient outcomes.

Keywords:  chronic illness trajectory; diagnosis; end-of-life; grounded theory; nursing approaches.

Early childhood care and education (ECCE) is the basis for the enduring instillationof personal habits and societal ideals. Thus, the study aimed to investigate the practiceand challenges of implementing ECCE in Bahir Dar city administration, Ethiopia. To thisend, a qualitative research approach with a multiple case study design was used. Quali-tative data were collected from 40 participants (ECCE teachers, caregivers, unit leaders,school principals, and Bahir Dar city administration education experts). Observation,interviewing, and focus group discussion were used as data collection instruments. Asa result, ECCE was poorly implemented. By and large, the finding of this study identi-fied many challenges that inhibit the successful implementation of ECCE, such as lackof teachers and caregivers’ training, poor physical environment, inadequate resources/facilities, inappropriate teacher–student ratio, and unrealistic demands of parents.These hindrances increase learning gaps that widen over time, contributing to higherdropout rates and reduced literacy levels. The study results would have importantimplications for the advancement of the ECCE program. Additionally, the findingsmight inform policymakers and educators on areas that require further developmentor intervention, ultimately contributing to improving of early childhood learningexperiences.Keywords: Caregivers, Challenges, Early childhood care and education, Practice, Teachers

Introduction Functional disability in older adults refers to difficulties in performing daily activities. It is usuallyevaluated based on an individual’s ability to carry out basic activities of daily living and instrumental activities of dailyliving. Although existing studies provide valuable insights, comprehensive global data on functional disability inbasic and instrumental activities of daily living among older adults remain limited. This study aims to review existingresearch worldwide to estimate the overall pooled prevalence of functional disability in these areas.Methods Systematic searches were conducted across EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Google Scholar fromMay 5 to July 11, 2024. Cross-sectional studies worldwide on functional disability in basic and instrumental activitiesof daily living among adults aged 60 and older, published in English up to July 11, 2024 were included. Studies wereexcluded if they did not report the outcomes of interest, were inaccessible, case reports, low quality, review articles,or published in languages other than English. Data extraction and cleaning were performed using Microsoft Excel,and STATA version 17 was used to compute the pooled effect size with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for functionaldisability in both basic activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living among older adults. Toderive these estimates, we used weighted averages, where each study’s prevalence was weighted by the inverse ofits variance. Study heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochrane I² statistic and its associated p-value. Subgroupanalysis and meta-regression were conducted to identify sources of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis was used toevaluate the impact of individual studies on the overall results. Publication bias was assessed with Egger’s test andfunnel plots, and was addressed through trim-and-fill analysis.Results This review includes 35 studies with a total of 133,827 participants. The pooled prevalence of functionaldisability in basic activities of daily living was estimated at 26.07% (95% CI: 19.04–32.74), while on instrumentalactivities of daily living, it was estimated at 45.15% (95% CI: 36.02–54.29). After applying the trim-and-fill method,the adjusted overall prevalence of disability in basic activities of daily living was 15.12%, (a 95% CI: 11.25–19.13%).
subgroup analysis showed highest prevalence in Africa (BADL: 42.91%, IADL: 69.34%) and lowest in Asia (BADL:19.15%, IADL: 32.66%). Participants aged 65 and above, those in institutional settings, and studies with smaller samplesizes tended to report higher levels of functional disability.Conclusions Nearly one-fourth of the study participants had functional disability related to basic activities of dailyliving, while about half experienced disability in instrumental activities of daily living. This emphasizes the needfor continued effort in improving the quality of life and support systems for individuals facing functional disability,particularly in instrumental activities.Keywords Basic activities of daily living, Functional disability, Instrumental activities of daily living, Older adults.

Background: Informed consent (IC) is a principle in medical ethics and medical law that a patient must have adequate information and understanding before making decisions about their medical care. It is very essential for both clinician and patient in surgery and should be seen as a usual activity. Knowledge is one of the main intervention tools to improve patient comprehension in informed consent for surgical patients. In Ethiopia, little is known about the knowledge level and its determinant factors toward obstetric and gynecologic surgical informed consent. Due to this reason, this study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and associated factors of surgical informed consent among patients who underwent obstetric and gynecologic surgery at Debre Markos Comprehensive Specialized Hospital.
Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 28 November to 30 December 2023, among 298 postoperative women admitted to Debre Markos Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Data were collected using a pretested, structured interviewer-administered questionnaire by using a systematic random sampling technique. The collected data were entered into EpiData version 4.6 and then exported to SPSS statistical software version 25 for analysis. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to estimate the effect of independent variables on the outcome variable. An adjusted odds ratio [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)] with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was computed to report the presence of association between the dependent and independent variables. Statistical significance was determined at a P-value of

Study region: The study area is located in the East Gojjam zone, Amhara, Ethiopia; the area coversthe Choke Mount and is surrounded by the Abbay River.Study focus: The primary focus of the study was assessing the possible groundwater sites in theselected area using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with the Geographic InformationSystem (GIS) approach for groundwater exploration and investigation.New hydrological insights for the region: Water is a very important resource used to the day-to-dayactivities in our life, which is found naturally on the surface and subsurface of the Earth. Thestudy area is a part of a nation-wide economically significant region in Ethiopia and the Horn. Thearea is the primary water supply (Choke Mountain) for the Ethiopian Grand Ethiopian Renais-sance Dam (GERD) receives the highest water supply from this region. The results of the studyshow that the groundwater potential zones in the area are mapped as poor, moderate, high, andvery high groundwater potential areas. The Validations of the results were made using theborehole log data, and reasonably accepted the rationality of the adopted methodology. Theconsidered parameters, as well as their evaluation of the production of the groundwater potentialMap, were confirmed. The produced Groundwater potential map is very important for IrrigationEngineers, domestic water supply studies, agricultural studies, environmentalists, and futuregroundwater conservation strategies.
Keywords: GIS, AHP, Groundwater potentials, East Gojjam, Ethiopia

Introduction: Occupational health problems are the major issues of the world, particularly in developing countries. Sanitation workers are facing various health problems with little attention while conducting their day today activities. The review emphasizes the critical need for policies that ensure safety standards, provide proper protective gear, and establish regular health monitoring to protect workers' health and wellbeing.
Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and associated factors among sanitation workers in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Methods and materials: This systematic review and meta-analysis was done based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA 2020). Literatures were searched using various database like Google scholar, Science-Direct, Pub-Med (Medline), Hinari, and Google. From eligible studies, data was extracted using Microsoft excel and exported to STATA version 14 statistical software for analysis. The prevalence of respiratory symptom was estimated using a random effect model. Publication bias was determined using Egger test and funnel plot whereas heterogeneity was evaluated using I2. Fortunately, 13 studies were included with a total participants of 4,401.
Results: The pooled prevalence of respiratory symptoms among sanitation workers was 43.79% (95% CI: 35.26, 52.33; I 2 = 97.3%, p < 0.000). Sanitation workers with a history of respiratory illness were 4.16 times more likely to have had respiratory symptoms compared to those without a history (OR: 4.16, 95% CI: 2.67, 5.66). Additionally, sanitation workers who did not wear nose/mouse masks were 2.36 times more likely to experience respiratory symptoms compared to their counterparts (OR: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.40, 3.32). Moreover, Sanitation workers with working experiences of greater than five were 1.81 times more likely to experience respiratory symptoms than those with less than 5 years working experiences (OR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.26, 2.39).
Conclusion: Generally, half of the sanitation workers experienced respiratory symptoms. The symptoms were associated with history of respiratory illness, utilizing of nose/ mouth face mask and working experience. Hence, awareness creation session should conducted mainly for those with history of respiratory illness and poor personal protective users.

Keywords:  Sub Saharan Africa; prevalence; respiratory–epidemiology; risk factors; sanitation workers; systematic review and meta-analysis.

Leptospirosis and melioidosis are emerging tropical diseases that are seriously affecting both human and animal populationsworldwide. The actual incidence and fatal cases of the diseases are underreported due to a lack of awareness of the diseases,underuse of clinical microbiology laboratories test, and limitations of the model. In this paper, a new deterministicmathematical model for the coinfection of leptospirosis and melioidosis with optimal controls is presented. Based on the next-generation matrix approach, the basic reproduction numbers for the coinfection model as well as for submodels are computedto analyze their dynamics behavior. The disease-free equilibrium point of the melioidosis-only submodel is proven to beglobally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number (R0m) is less than unity, whereas the existence of its uniquepositive endemic equilibrium is shown if R0m > 1. Based on the center manifold theory, the endemic equilibrium point of theleptospirosis-only submodel is proven to be locally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number (R0l ) is greaterthan unity. The disease-free equilibrium point of the full model is locally asymptotically stable whenever the basicreproduction number (R0ml) less than unity. Sensitivity analysis for the basic reproduction number of the model is performedto determine the most influencing parameters on the transmission dynamics of the model. Furthermore, the model wasextended into an optimal control problem by incorporating four time-dependent control functions. Pontryagin’s maximumprinciple was used to derive the optimality system for the optimal control problem. The optimality system was simulated usingthe forward–backward sweep method to show the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different optimal control strategies incombating the burden of leptospirosis–melioidosis coinfection. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was applied todetermine the most cost-effective strategy. The numerical results revealed that Strategy 6 which implements a combination ofall optimal control measures is the most effective strategy for minimizing the spread of the coinfection of the epidemics,whereas Strategy 1 which implements rodenticide control measure is the most effective when available resources are limited.Keywords: coinfection; cost-effectiveness; leptospirosis; melioidosis; numerical simulation; optimal control; sensitivity analysis

ntroduction: Cognitive impairment is a medical condition caused by neurodegeneration, marked by a gradualdecline in neurological, motor, psychological, and cognitive domain functions, as well as daily activities. Itprimarily affects individuals with conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, HIV/AIDS, diabetes mellitus,cancer, epilepsy, dementia, and other chronic illnesses, as well as older adults. While some individual studieshave explored the effects of cognitive impairment, there is a lack of nationwide research to provide a compre-hensive understanding of its burden among individuals with chronic diseases.Objective: To assess the pooled prevalence of cognitive impairment and its associated factors among individualswith chronic diseases in Ethiopia.Methods: Several databases were examined to find available articles. The data were extracted and sorted inMicrosoft Excel before being exported to STATA/MP 17.0 for analysis. A random-effects Der Simonian-Lairdmodel with a 95 % confidence interval was used to pool the data. Cochrane I2 statistics and Egger’s test wereused to evaluate heterogeneity and publication bias, respectively. To determine the cause of heterogeneity,subgroup analysis was performed. A log-odds ratio was utilized to illustrate the association between cognitiveimpairment and its associated factors. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Result: This study included 22 individual articles comprising a total of 6818 participants. The overall prevalenceof cognitive impairment among individuals with chronic diseases was 44.43 % (95 % CI: 37.76–51.10). Studiesconducted in Addis Ababa reported a higher prevalence of 50.89 % (95 % CI: 34.59–67.19). Similarly, researchfocusing on older adults indicated the highest prevalence, at 57.58 % (95 % CI: 28.78–86.39). Participants whoare unable to read and write were 3.82 times more likely to experience cognitive impairment compared to thosewho had completed primary education (AOR = 3.82; 95 % CI: 2.97–4.91).Conclusion: This review found a high prevalence of cognitive impairment among Ethiopians with chronic dis-eases, especially in older adults and those in Addis Ababa. Illiteracy significantly increased the risk. Thesefindings highlight the need for targeted cognitive screening and integration of cognitive care into chronic diseasemanagement.
Keywords: Cognition, Cognitive impairment, Associated factors, Ethiopia