In the post-1991 period, the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front clearly endorsed the separationof state and religion. More importantly, the government is obliged to deliver equal protection for the peacefulworshiping and well-being of religious institutions. However, there is little or no protection given to the Ethi-opian Orthodox Church and Christians, specifically in the post 2018 political transition. Therefore, this studyexamines the most devastating and selective murdering and slaughtering of Orthodox Christians and the de-molition of the church a few months after a new governmental transition took place in April 2018. To do so, thispaper applied the theory of “religious victimization” to analyze the interplay between the so-called politicalreform and religious practice since 2018. In this respect, a qualitative research approach with a case researchdesign was used: ten in-depth interviews, three focus group discussions, field observations, and secondarysources analysis. According to the findings, thematic analysis was applied by arranging items in the team basedon their similarities. The results of the study also revealed that there were mass killings and demolition of or-thodox Christian properties in the Ethio-Somalia, Oromia, and Sidama regions of Ethiopia. Vandalism wassupposed to be systematic and well-planned. In this study, the researchers strongly recommend that the gov-ernment identify intervention strategies to stop the atrocities of Ethiopian Christians.
Keywords: Church burnings, Demolition properties, Ethiopian orthodox church, Political transition, Religious freedom, Mass killings

Studies indicate that students who have access to highly qualified teachers tendto achieve at a higher rate, regardless of other factors. However, the essenceof quality teaching and teacher quality has not been adequately establishedin these studies. Nonetheless, recent developments favoring integrationshave led to three lines of teaching quality research: professional standards,value-added measures, and student evaluations. This study explores howthe quality of mathematics and English language teachers is associated withstudents’ achievement using a professional standard observation tool for studentevaluation. A representative multistage sample of students and teachers selectedfrom high schools in the East Gojjam Administrative Zone participated in thestudy. By using the domains in the Framework for Teaching (FfT) as indicatorsof teaching quality, the study identified the indicators that are associated withthe academic achievement of students in mathematics and English subjects. Amultiple linear regression analysis was used to study the relationships betweenthe independent variables (teachers’ quality indicators) and the dependentvariable (students’ grade 10 exam scores). Of the four domains of FfT, the deliveryof instruction revealed a positive and significant association (sig = 016) withstudents’ scores in the English language. The delivery of instruction encompassescommunicating with students, using questioning and discussion techniques,and demonstrating flexibility and responsiveness, which are positively associatedwith students’ scores in the English language. Conversely, managing classroomprocedures was the only subdomain associated (sig = 014) with an increasein students’ mathematics scores. Accordingly, suggestions are made for furtherresearch and practice.KEYWORDS:  teacher quality, FFT, achievement, domains, effectiveness

Neo-colonialism is considered by many writers to be a strategy of the former colonialpowers and the new superpowers to implement various socioeconomic and politicalstrategies in developing countries. the Horn of africa, as a parcel of a developingregion, is recognized as a piece of the ‘grand chessboard’ of world geopolitics. inparticular, Us neo-colonialism has become an invisible government in almost allcountries in the Horn of africa. therefore, the main objective of this paper is to examineand write about the origin, discourses, concealment (mask), normative agents, andpotential perils of american neo-colonialism in the Horn of africa. indeed, the paperalso answers the question of whether the Us is a straightforward ally or a neo-colonialistin the Horn of africa. to document this, the paper would be limited to primary sourcessuch as letters, reports, and published secondary texts that have been available to thiswriter to date.
KEYWORDS: Neocolonialism; Us concealment; Horn ofafrica; normative agents

in ethiopia, urbanization and urban violence are recent phenomena dating back to thebeginning of the twentieth century. in the country’s long history, politics and urbanviolence have been bedfellows and reliable means of change, devolution, and reform.Since 1916, ethiopia has essentially experienced more violence in its urban’s than in itsrural areas due to recurrent episodes of political instability at the national level.ironically, ethiopian leaders were amateurs who were unable to draw lessons from theirpast deeds. Nevertheless, ethiopian historiography has devoted little attention to themagnitude of political issues-related urban violence in ethiopia. As a result, the paperattempted to analyse two goals. First, it tries to analyse the historical events of ethiopianurban violence from 1916–1991, and secondly, it tries to explain the tradition ofethiopian leaders to learn from past deeds. to document this extraordinary theme, thepaper grey on both primary sources and published secondary literature that have beenavailable to the writer to date. the collected data was systematically verified, analyzed,and interpreted through qualitative data analysis.
KEYWORDS: history; urban violence; ethiopia; dilettante

Neo-colonialism is considered by many writers to be a strategy of the former colonialpowers and the new superpowers to implement various socioeconomic and politicalstrategies in developing countries. the Horn of africa, as a parcel of a developingregion, is recognized as a piece of the ‘grand chessboard’ of world geopolitics. inparticular, Us neo-colonialism has become an invisible government in almost allcountries in the Horn of africa. therefore, the main objective of this paper is to examineand write about the origin, discourses, concealment (mask), normative agents, andpotential perils of american neo-colonialism in the Horn of africa. indeed, the paperalso answers the question of whether the Us is a straightforward ally or a neo-colonialistin the Horn of africa. to document this, the paper would be limited to primary sourcessuch as letters, reports, and published secondary texts that have been available to thiswriter to date.
EYWORDS: Neocolonialism; Us concealment; Horn of africa; normative agents

Abstract
Unemployment, particularly graduate unemployment, brings a huge impact on the community. Thus, the fundamental purpose of the study was to examine the socioeconomic challenges of graduate unemployment in the community. To do this, descriptive research with a cross-sectional design was used to reckon the socioeconomic challenges of graduate unemployment in the community, and a mixed research approach was employed. Accordingly, 279 survey respondents, 6 unemployed graduates, 5 parents of job seekers for the interview, six discussants, and 3 key informants were selected by employed stratified, simple random, and purposive sampling methods. The data which are obtained from survey questionnaires were analyzed through descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were analyzed by narration and thematic. Hereof, the findings depict that families of jobseekers and their community members have faced economic and social-related troubles. Thus, it brings economic bankruptcy, family strain, menanced for social security, and young students have low interest in education because of the presence of graduate unemployment.




Keywords: Communiy, family, socioeconomic effects, unemployment