The work presented in this paper focuses on formulating the development of time-dependent electromagneticfield laws through the application of Gauss’s divergence theorem. The first part of the discussion looks at thebasic ideas of electromagnetism. It focuses on how classical formulations of the laws of electromagnetism can beadapted to account for non-stationary conditions, especially regarding magnetic fluids that don’t conduct elec-tricity. It is suggested that employing Gauss’s divergence theorem could help improve the computational analysisof these generalized equations, which would make them more useful in magnetic fluid dynamics. The paperexamines the intricate interactions between non-conductive particles and conductive fluids under magneticfields. By putting these interactions into a single theoretical framework, this work aims to help us understandnon-stationary electromagnetic phenomena and how they affect many different scientific and engineering fields.The concluding section of the study examines the prospective practical applications of these extended equations.They could enable the development of more advanced electromagnetic devices and systems. Creating a strong setof analytical tools that can find new scientific paths and useful applications is the main goal of the study,particularly in the areas of electromagnetic induction and fluid dynamics. This research offers potential forsubstantial progress in both theoretical comprehension and technological advancement, The proposed method isapplicable to real-world systems such as ferrofluid-based cooling, magnetic dampers, plasma generators, andsmart electromagnetic devices. These applications demonstrate the practical benefits of coupling field behaviorwith boundary dynamics using Gauss’s theorem.
Keywords: Gauss theorem, Non-conductive;Magnetic, Non-stationary, Fluids, Induction

Hate speech has been disseminated more frequently on social media sites like Facebook in recent years. OnFacebook, hate speech can proliferate through text, image, or video. We suggested a deep learning approach toidentify offensive memes posted on Facebook in case of Amharic language’. The research process commenced bymanually gathering memes posted by Facebook users. Next came textual data extraction, annotation, pre-processing, splitting, feature extraction, model development and assessment Amharic OCRs were employed toextract textual data. Character normalization, stop word removal, and unnecessary character removal make upthe text-preprocessing step. Using Stratified KFold the textual dataset is split into the train set (80 %), thevalidation set (10 %) and the test set (10 %). Vectors are created from the preprocessed texts using the Bog ofwords (BOW), TFIDF and word embeddings. Following that, the vectors are fed into Machine learning algo-rithms: NB, DT, RF, KNN, LSVM and LR, and deep learning models that are based on Dense, BiGRU, and BiLSTMalgorithms. The model with the optimal parameters is chosen after numerous experiments. With an accuracy rateof 94 %, the BiLSTM + Dense model, the suggested technique identified nasty meme posts on Facebook written inAmharic.
Keywords: Deep learning, BILSTM, BIGRU, Amharic language hate speech

Background: In any field, professionalism is essential. A profession can fulfill itsresponsibilities when professionals develop their knowledge in various ways, suchas continuing professional development, expanding their skill levels, adhering tothe norms of the profession, and demonstrating high levels of commitment.Developing professionalism in nurses is a key strategy for improving the qualityof nursing care and healthcare. However, no study has shown a comprehensiveoverview of professionalism in nursing in Ethiopia. Thus, this systematic reviewand meta-analysis aim to present a comprehensive assessment of the overalllevel of professionalism in nursing in Ethiopia.Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis standard was followed in the reporting of this systematic review andmeta-analysis. An extensive exploration of digital repositories, including PubMed(MEDLINE), EMBASE, Cochrane, Africa Journal of Online, Google Scholar, and anadvanced Google search, was conducted to obtain published studies detailingprofessionalism in nursing in Ethiopia. STATA version 17 commands created thepooled estimate with a 95% confidence interval. The I2 test and Egger’s test wereused to identify the presence of heterogeneity and publication bias, respectively.To manage heterogeneity, a subgroup analysis and random effect model wereused.Results: A total of 11 articles with a total of 3,581 participants were includedin the final systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled estimate ofprofessionalism in nursing in Ethiopia was 54% (95% CI: 44, 66%). In thesubgroup analysis, the highest pooled estimate of professionalism in nursingwas observed in South Ethiopia, which is 64% (95% CI: 43–86%).Conclusion: The level of professionalism in nursing in Ethiopia is suboptimal.Being female, having a higher educational level, having long years of experience,having a low workload, having favorable job satisfaction, being a member ofa nursing organization, having a good working environment, working in non-stressful units, and having a good organizational culture were the major factorsthat had a positive association with professionalism in nursing. Therefore,healthcare professionals, the Ministry of Health, and other stakeholders shouldfocus on interventions to enhance the organizational culture, job satisfaction,working unit, and working schedule for nurses.KEYWORDSnursing, nurses, Ethiopia, caring behavior, factors, professionalism in nursing

Habesha kemis, an Ethiopian attire traditionally donned by women belonging to the Habeshacommunity, has undergone variations of designs over time. Initially, it comprised a lengthy dresswith a fitted bodice and sleeves extending to the ankles. In the Amhara region, various ethnic groupssuch as Gojjam, Gondar, Shewa, Agew, and Wollo uphold their distinct cultural customs. While theseHabesha garments may appear similar outwardly, their embroidered motifs exhibit unique patterns,shapes, and hues, symbolizing the rich cultural legacy of Gojjam, Gondar, Shewa, Agew, and Wollo.The study aimed to identify the most appropriate model for recognizing and classifying the quality ofHabesha kemis embroidery design. Digital image processing methods and CNN models incorporatingVGG16, VGG19, and ResNet50v2 classifiers were used. Following the gathering of datasets,image preprocessing and segmentation were employed to enhance the model’s performance. Insegmentation, we used canny edge detection, local binary pattern, and dilation with contour detectionfor segmenting and automatically cropping each habesha kemis. After applying the segmentationprocess, the individual habesha kemis and foreign matters are placed in a folder based on theircorresponding categories. This resulted in 320 images before augmenting for each class amountrepresentative. The performance of VGG16, VGG19, and ResNet50v2 for Agew, Gojjam, Gonder,Shewa, and Wollo was evaluated. This process resulted in an image size of 224 × 224 in the CNNmodel with a VGG16 architecture and a SoftMax classifier of course we try also 64 × 64 and 128 × 128.Augmentation techniques were applied to increase the dataset size from 1600 to 3,270. Finally, themodel was evaluated and achieved an accuracy of 95.72% in test data and 99.62% in training datacompared to the VGG19 and ResNet50v2 models.Keywords Ethiopian cultural cloth, Habesha kemis, Embroidery design, Shemma

Introduction: The rising global prevalence of cancer reveals significant regional disparities in palliative care adoption. While some countries have incorporated palliative care into their systems, over half of the world lacks such services, and oncology-specific palliative care integration is sparse. This study evaluates the global prevalence of palliative care use among cancer patients.
Methods: A comprehensive search across multiple databases was conducted to identify relevant studies. Data extraction and organisation were managed using Microsoft Excel, and analysis was performed with STATA/MP 17.0. A weighted inverse variance random-effects model was applied, and heterogeneity was assessed with Cochrane I² statistics. Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses and Egger's test were used to explore heterogeneity, publication bias and influential studies.

Evidence shows that financial inclusion plays a key role in driving economic growth and social development by strengthen-ing the financial system and reducing poverty and income inequality. However, its impact on the financial performance ofbanks remains inconclusive. This paper explores the relationship between financial inclusion and the financial performanceof commercial banks in Ethiopia, using a sample of 16 banks. We analyse 10 years of data (2013–2022) collected manuallyfrom the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) and the annual reports of commercial banks. A two-step system GeneralizedMethod of Moments (GMM) is employed, alongside other linear panel data model estimators. The findings reveal that in-creased financial inclusion has a significant positive impact on the financial performance (ROA and ROE) of commercialbanks in Ethiopia. The GMM estimation result also shows that bank performance indicators (ROA and ROE) are positivelyassociated with their past realizations. Regarding bank-specific control variables, the cost-efficiency ratio has a significantnegative impact on bank profitability. The study recommends that banks improve accessibility by expanding branch net-works and ATMs and by offering innovative financial products to enhance profitability.Keywords: financial inclusion, GMM, bank performance, Ethiopia

This study introduces a highly sensitive electrochemical method for detecting paracetamol (PCT) in pharma-ceutical tablets and human serum samples, utilizing a glassy carbon electrode modified with alizarin red S (poly(ARS)/GCE). PCT is one of the most widely used analgesic and antipyretic drugs; however, its overdose orprolonged use can lead to severe liver and kidney damage. Therefore, the development of sensitive and reliablemethods for monitoring PCT levels in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids is crucial for ensuringdrug safety and effective therapeutic monitoring. Characterization of the electrode confirmed that the surfacemodification with a conductive and electroactive polymer film (poly(ARS)) significantly enhanced the effectiveelectrode surface area and reduced charge transfer resistance. Compared to the unmodified electrode, themodified electrode exhibited a well-resolved, irreversible redox peak at a significantly lower potential with asixfold increase in current, highlighting the catalytic efficiency of the modifier toward PCT. The electrochemicalbehavior of PCT was analyzed via cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry, revealing significantlyenhanced sensitivity and selectivity due to the conductive polymer coating. Under optimized electrode conditionsquare wave voltammetric current response of poly(ARS)/GCE showed linear dependence on concentration of0.01–250.0 μM and an ultralow detection limit of 1.0 nM in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0). Analyticalapplication on real samples confirmed the method's accuracy, achieving recovery rates of 98.8–100.3 % forpharmaceutical tablets and human blood serum, even in the presence of potential interferents. The developedmethod provides a cost-effective and robust alternative for PCT quantification, with superior performancecompared to previously report electrochemical approaches.
Keywords: Paracetamol, Glassy carbon electrode, Alizarin red S, Cyclic voltammetry, Square wave voltammetry

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of malaria in individuals visiting health centers in the wetlands of Bahir Dar Zuria District, Northwest Ethiopia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used on 422 study participants from three selected health centers from February to March 2020. Plasmodium parasite detection was examined using thick and thin blood smears, with a rapid diagnostic test. The chi-square (χ2) test was used to analyze the association between the prevalence of malaria and categorical variables, whereas binary logistic regression was used to identify potential risk factors using SPSS Version 25. For all types of tests, P-values below 0.05 were considered significant.

Background: In countries with a high prevalence of TB, such as Ethiopia, direct sputum smear microscopy remains the most cost-effective tool for diagnosing patients with infectious tuberculosis and monitoring their progress on treatment. However, poor-quality sputum microscopy services may lead to the failure to detect persons with active tuberculosis and may cause unnecessary anti-TB treatment for non-TB cases. Proficiency level is the percentage agreement between participants'readings and the reference panel results. The aim of this study was to assess proficiency and associated factors of laboratory professionals in sputum smear microscopy for acid-fast bacilli at selected peripheral public and private diagnostic laboratories in East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia, in 2023.
Method: An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from March 2023 to June 2023 at selected peripheral public diagnostic laboratories in East Gojjam Zone. 65 laboratory professionals were selected randomly from 41 peripheral public diagnostic laboratories in the study area. A validated questionnaire and 10 panel slides were used as data collection tools. The panel consisted of 5 pre-stained and 5 unstained slides. Data were entered and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS version 20). P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant when looking for associations between dependent and independent variables.

IntroductionCancer is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, significantly impairing patients’quality of life (QoL). Integrated Palliative Care (IPC) has been proposed as a holisticapproach to enhance quality of life by addressing patients’ physical, emotional, and psy-chosocial needs. While some studies suggest Integrated Palliative Care improves qualityof life more than standard care, the evidence remains inconclusive. This systematic reviewand meta-analysis aim to evaluate the comparative impact of Integrated Palliative Careversus standard care on the quality of life in cancer patients.MethodsA comprehensive search of databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase wasconducted. We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing Integrated Palliative Careand standard care for cancer patients, focusing on the quality of life as measured by validatedtools such as the EORTC QLQ-C30 and FACT-G. Data were pooled using a random-effectsmodel to account for study heterogeneity. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also performed.ResultsNine randomized controlled trials involving 1,794 patients met the inclusion criteria.Meta-analysis showed that Integrated Palliative Care significantly improved quality oflife compared to standard care (SMD = 3.25; 95% CI: 1.20–5.30; p < 0.001). Studiesconducted in Asia showed the highest standardized mean difference (SMD = 6.15; 95%CI: 3.07–9.23; p < 0.001), followed closely by studies from Africa (SMD = 6.0; 95% CI:5.13–6.87; p < 0.001), compared to those from other regions. Similarly, research focusingon lung cancer patients showed the greatest standardized mean difference of (SMD =6.15; 95% CI: 3.07–9.23; p < 0.001) relative to other cancer types. Furthermore, studies
involving newly diagnosed cancer patients recorded the highest standardized mean differ-ence of (SMD = 5.69; 95% CI: 4.57–6.80; p < 0.001).ConclusionIntegrated Palliative Care significantly enhances the quality of life in cancer patients comparedto standard care. These findings support integrating Integrated Palliative Care into oncologypractices to provide comprehensive, patient-centered care that addresses both physical andemotional needs. Further research should explore long-term benefits across diverse populations.