Object tracking is a technique for finding moving objects of interest and estimating their trajectoryor path with regard to time in a series of images. It involves object representation, detection,and tracking. It becomes an important field of study due to the need in video surveillance, trafficmonitoring, live sport video analysis and many other applications. In this paper, both static camera-based and dynamic camera-based object tracking techniques have been developed. The static camera-based object tracking was developed with NI LabVIEW, and Shape adaptive mean-shift algorithmhas been used for tracking. In case of dynamic camera-based object tracking, an optimal Fuzzy-PIDcontroller has been designed to adjust the position of the pan/tilt mechanism so as to trace the object’strajectory. Genetic algorithm (GA) was used to find the optimal values of the operating ranges (scalingfactors) of the membership functions. The performance of the system has been tested by differenttrajectories like step, sinusoidal, circular and elliptical at different frequencies 1, 50 and 100 rad/sec.The system has best performance at low frequencies and when the frequency or speed of the objectincreases, the system performance decreases which complies for real systems. The simulation resultsdemonstrate that GA tuned Fuzzy-PID controller has given us the best results in terms of reducedsteady-state error, faster rise time and settling time, and object position stabilization than PID,Fuzzy and Fuzzy-PID controllers, which shows that optimal Fuzzy-PID controller designed is moreappropriate and efficient.Keywords: Object tracking, LabVIEW, Fuzzy-PID, Pan/Tilt system, Genetic algorithm

Introduction: Barber-related infections, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), continue to be a major cause of illness and death. Numerous beauticians use razors and scissors on multiple customers without adequately sanitizing these tools. There is a lack of published research on the prevention practices and associated factors of hepatitis B virus infection among barbers in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the practice and associated factors of hepatitis B virus infection among barbers.
Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 411 barbers selected through simple random sampling. Data collection was performed using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and an observational checklist. The collected data were first cleaned and entered into EpiData version 4.6 and then exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Model fitness was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, and multicollinearity was evaluated with the variance inflation factor. A binary logistic regression model was employed for the analysis. To address confounding factors, explanatory variables with a p-value of less than 0.25 in the bivariable logistic regression were included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. Factors with a p-value of less than 0.05 in the multivariable analysis were considered statistically significant.
Results: Among the 411 participants, 328 (79.8, 95% CI: 75.6-83.6%) exhibited unsafe hepatitis B virus infection prevention practices. Unsafe practices were significantly associated with barbers who could not read or write (AOR 3.75, 95% CI: 1.39-10.12); primary and secondary education (AOR 3.44, 95% CI: 1.89-6.27) compared to those with college education and above; not using ultraviolet sterilizers (AOR 2.85, 95% CI: 1.30-6.27); insufficient knowledge (AOR 4.23, 95% CI: 2.13-8.40); unfavorable attitudes toward infection control (AOR 2.40, 95% CI: 1.34-4.31); and working hours of less than 8 h (AOR 0.27, 95% CI: 0.15-0.50).
Conclusion: Nearly four-fifths of barbers exhibited unsafe practices in preventing hepatitis B virus infection. Low education levels, not utilizing UV sterilizers, lack of knowledge, working fewer hours, and negative attitudes toward infection prevention were all strongly associated with unsafe practices in the prevention of hepatitis B virus among barbers. Consequently, these findings underscore the need for targeted educational programs, improved access to sterilization tools, and policy changes to promote safer practices.

Keywords:  Ethiopia; barber; factors; hepatitis B virus; prevention practices.

Youth unemployment in the East Gojjam Zone is a critical issue. This study focuses onidentifying the factors that influence unemployment duration and evaluating the impact ofjob creation programs on the well-being of youth in this region. We employed Cox regres-sion to analyze the determinants of unemployment duration and used propensity scorematching to assess the welfare effects of job creation initiatives. Our multistage clustersampling revealed a youth unemployment rate of 33.3% (95% CI: 27.3–39.3). Over half ofthe unemployed youth transitioned to employment within four years, with 25% securingjobs within two years. Participation in job creation programs led to an average earningsincrease of 1,069.716 birr, though retention in these programs was low at 49%. The find-ings reveal a connection between prolonged unemployment, skill mismatches, financialconstraints, limited work experience, weak social networks, low income, and a preferencefor public-sector employment. To effectively address these challenges, interventions mustfocus on improving job accessibility, aligning vocational training with labor market needs,promoting financial inclusion, and enhancing social support systems.

Introduction: Stillbirth is still a major public health problem in middle- and low-income countries. However, there has been limited research conducted to identify determinants of stillbirth in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the determinants of stillbirth among women who gave birth in public hospitals in the West Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia.
Methods: An unmatched case-control study was conducted among 418 mothers who gave birth from March 1-30, 2022. Consecutive and systematic sampling techniques were used to select the cases and controls, respectively. The collected data were entered into Epidata and exported into SPSS version 16 for analysis. Numerical descriptive statistics were expressed by using the mean with standard deviation (SD) and/or median with interquartile range (IQR), whereas categorical variables were expressed by proportions. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were used to identify determinants of stillbirth. The model goodness of fit test was checked using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Variables having a P-value ≤ 0.25 in the bivariable analysis were entered into the multivariable analysis model. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was used to report the strength of association, and variables with a P-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results: A total of 105 cases and 313 controls were included in this study. The odds of having stillbirth were higher among women who were illiterate (AOR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.34, 7.55), had first ANC visit in the second trimester (AOR: 11.4, 95% CI: 2.99, 43.71), had an induced mode of delivery (AOR: 8.7, 95% CI: 2.10, 36.03), history of stillbirth (AOR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.45, 4.90), bad obstetric history (AOR: 4.8, 95% CI: 1.44, 15.89), history of preterm (AOR: 7.6, 95% CI: 1.57, 37.21), not vaccinated for TT (AOR: 8.8, 95% CI: 2.23, 35.17), labor not followed by using partograph (AOR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.10, 8.42), and history of abortion (AOR: 11, 95% CI: 2.91, 41.31).
Conclusion: The determinants of stillbirth included women who were illiterate, started ANC visits in the second trimester, had an induced mode of delivery, history of stillbirth, bad obstetric history, history of preterm, history of abortion, not vaccinated for TT, and not followed by partograph. It is better to improve partograph utilization during intrapartum care and screen mothers who had a higher risk of adverse birth outcomes during their pregnancy to avert the problem.

Keywords:  Cases; Controls; Determinants; Ethiopia; Stillbirth.

Background: Cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimen associated nephrotoxicity is a significantadverse effect that restricts the standard dose of cisplatin by impairing renal function. There is alack of data on cisplatin-based chemotherapy-induced nephrotoxicity (CIN) in Ethiopian patientswith gynecological cancer. This study evaluated the factors associated with CIN and its impact onthe survival status of patients with gynecological cancer at Northwest Ethiopia oncology centers.Methods: This institutional-based retrospective cohort study included patients with gynecologicalcancer who received cisplatin-based chemotherapy between 2020 and 2021 at NorthwestEthiopia oncology centers. CIN was evaluated using the Common Terminology Criteria forAdverse Events (CTCAE) version 4 criteria and Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes(KDIGO) Guideline. A logistic regression model was used to identify the factors associated withCIN. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to determine the impact of CINonpatients survival. The cutoff point was a P value of < 0.05 for declaring statistical significance.Results: A total of 394 patients with gynecological cancer were included in the final analysis. Theincidence of CIN was 27.9 % (95 % CI 23.4,32.7). Old age (≥60 years) [adjusted odds ratio(AOR)=1.7,95 % confidence interval (CI) (1.1–2.9); P=0.039],low serum albumin (50 mg/m2) [AOR=2.6,95% CI (1.4–4.7), P=0.002]were significantly associated with CIN.CIN[(adjusted hazard ratio(AHR)=3.2,95 % CI (2.7–9.5), P=0.004]and cisplatin dose reduction [AHR=2.7,95 % CI(1.7–4.3) P=0.021] were significant factors of death among patients with gynecological cancer.Conclusion: More than a quarter of patients receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy developedCIN, which negatively affected their survival. This study recommends that prescribers pay specialattention to patients with older age, lower serum albumin levels, and high-dose cisplatin toimprove renal function and survival. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy-induced nephrotoxicitysignificantly affects the survival of gynecological cancer patients.
Keywords: Gynecological cancer, Cisplatin, Nephrotoxicity, Factors, Impact, Ethiopia

Background Ethical dilemmas in emergency and critical care nursing often involve complex decision-makingthat impacts patient outcomes, emotional well-being of healthcare providers, and team dynamics. Understandingthese dilemmas and the decision-making processes involved is crucial for improving nursing practices and patientoutcomes in this context.Objective This study aims to explore the ethical dilemmas and decision-making processes of emergency and criticalcare nurses, using the Four Box. Method ethical decision-making framework.Methods A multi-method qualitative approach was employed, incorporating in-depth individual interviews(IDI), focus group discussions (FGD), and case studies to capture diverse perspectives. Data were collected from28 nurses working in emergency and critical care settings at Tibebe Ghion Specialized Hospital and Felege HiwotComprehensive Specialized Hospital through purposive sampling. The interviews and focus groups were audiorecorded, transcribed verbatim in Amharic, translated into English, and entered into OpenCode software for analysis.Inductive thematic analysis method was applied to analyze the data.Results The study revealed several key ethical dilemmas faced by nurses, including balancing patient autonomywith beneficence, and the allocation of limited resources during crises, opioid administration for pain managementvs. respiratory depression, and conflicts regarding informed consent. Nurses reported emotional and professionalimpacts from these dilemmas, contributing to moral distress, burnout, and ethical fatigue. Nurses emphasizedthe importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and structured decision-making frameworks to navigate thesechallenges. However, the lack of consistent access to ethics consultations and peer support during critical momentswas noted as a significant barrier.Conclusion and recommendation Nurses encounter complex ethical dilemmas that impact their emotional well-being and job satisfaction. Effective decision-making requires applying ethical principles, adhering to guidelines,and consulting peers. The study reveals the need for improved support systems, including more frequent and
comprehensive ethics training, better access to ethics consultations, and structured frameworks to guide decision-making in high-pressure situations.Clinical trial registration The study is not a clinical trial, a clinical trial number is not applicable.Keywords Ethical dilemma, Decision making, Emergency and critical care, Nursing

In engineering applications, the bearing faults diagnosis is essential for maintaining reliability andextending the lifespan of rotating machinery, thereby preventing unexpected industrial productiondowntime. Prompt fault diagnosis using vibration signals is vital to ensure seamless operation ofindustrial system avert catastrophic breakdowns, reduce maintenance costs, and ensure continuousproductivity. As industries evolve and machines operate under diverse conditions, traditional faultdetection methods often fall short. In spite of significant research in recent years, there remains apressing need for improve existing methods of fault diagnosis. To fill this research gap, this researchwork aims to propose an efficient and robust system for diagnosing bearing faults, using deep andShallow features. Through the evaluated experiments, our proposed model Multi-Block Histogramsof Local Phase Quantization (MBH-LPQ) showed excellent performance in classification accuracy, andthe audio-trained VGGish model showed the best performance in all tasks. Contributions of this workinclude: Combine the proposed Shallow descriptor, derived from a novel hand-crafted discriminativefeatures MBH-LPQ, with deep features obtained from VGGish pre-trained of Convolutional NeuralNetwork (CNN) using audio spectrograms, by merging at the score level using Weighted Sum (WS).This approach is designed to take advantage of the complementary strengths of both feature models,thus enhancing overall bearing fault diagnostic performance. Furthermore, experiments conductedto verify the approach’s performance is assessed based on fault classification accuracy demonstrateda significant accuracy rate on two different noisy datasets, with an accuracy rate of 98.95% and 100%being reached on the CWRU and PU datasets benchmark, respectively.Keywords: Bearing fault diagnosis, Vibration signals, Transfer learning, Shallow descriptor, Deep features,MBH-LPQ, VGGish, CNN

Agro-nanotechnology—the application of nanotechnology in agriculture—holds immense promise for addressing main challengesin African agriculture and promoting sustainable development. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of how agro-nanotechnology is being utilized across Africa, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize various aspects of agricultural practiceson the continent. Firstly, the utilization of nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanofertilizers, and nanopesticides offersopportunities for enhancing nutrient management, improving soil health, and increasing crop productivity in diverseagroecosystems across Africa. Nanofertilizers, with their controlled release mechanisms, facilitate efficient nutrient uptake byplants, thereby reducing nutrient losses and enhancing fertilizer use efficiency, which is crucial for resource-constrainedsmallholder farmers. Nanopesticides suggest improved efficacy in pest and disease control, reducing environmental harmcompared to traditional pesticides. Their targeted delivery also minimizes off-target effects, which is crucial for Africa’s foodsecurity. Nanosensors also enable real-time monitoring of soil and crop health, enhancing precision agriculture. Nanotechnologyin postharvest management reduces food losses and improves safety. However, its adoption requires careful consideration ofsocioeconomic and regulatory factors to ensure equitable access and environmental safety. Collaborative efforts involvingpolicymakers, researchers, farmers, and other stakeholders are crucial for harnessing the benefits of agro-nanotechnology whileaddressing potential risks and concerns. In conclusion, the integration of agro-nanotechnology into African agriculture presents atransformative opportunity to enhance productivity, resilience, and sustainability, contributing to the continent’s efforts towardachieving food security, economic development, and environmental conservation.Keywords: agro-nanotechnology; nanofertilizers; nanopesticides; nanosensors; precision agriculture

This study systematically assessed the concentrations of selected metals and the proximate composition of milk samples collected from six locations: Agerie Milk Cooperative, Andassa Livestock Research Center, Tekelehymanot Monastery, the College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar Dairy Cooperative, and households in Keble-7, Bahir Dar city. Proximate composition, including moisture, ash, protein, and fat, was determined using the Kjeldahl digestion and Gerber methods, while metal analysis was performed using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy technique. The findings revealed significant variations (P

Background: An edible oil factory is a labor-intensive and technologically complex industry, with workers potentially exposed to a variety of dangers associated with such industries. Personal protective equipment is a universal, legal requirement, and an important strategy for preventing occupational injuries and illnesses caused by workplace hazards. However, such industries receive little attention, especially in Ethiopia.
Objective: To assess personal protective equipment utilization and its associated factors among workers in the PhiBela edible oil factory in Burie, Ethiopia, in 2022.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was employed among the PhiBela edible oil factory workers in Burie. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 389 PhiBela edible oil factory workers. Face-to-face interviews and self-administered structured questionnaires were used to collect data on workers' protective equipment utilization practice, socio-demographic, work-related, environmental, and organizational factors. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. The logistic regression method was used to see factors associated with workers' protective equipment utilization. The strength of the association was calculated using an odds ratio at 95% confidence intervals.
Results: Of the total workers, 216, 55.52% (48.33-57.78) workers utilize personal protective equipment in the factory. The study showed safety training [AOR (4.68, 95%CI (2.76-7.45)], availability of personal protective equipment [AOR = 4.86; 95%CI: 2.23-6.98], regular health and safety supervision [AOR = 2.751; 95%CI: 1.806-3.801], availability of safety guideline at workplace [AOR = 3.798; 95%CI: 1.248-6.173], having work experience 3 years and above [AOR = 1.64; 95%CI: 1.06-2.18], not using alcohol [AOR = 3.07; 95%CI: 2.11-4.76], and not smoking cigarette [AOR = 1.88; 95%CI: 1.55-3.11] were predictors of personal protective equipment utilization.
Conclusion: The level of personal protective equipment utilization among Phibela edible oil factory workers is 55.52%, which is moderate when compared to other studies done in developing countries. The presence of Safety training, availability of personal protective equipment, regular health and safety supervision, availability of guidelines at workplaces, having work experiences, not using alcohol, and cigarrete smoking were factors found to be a significant predictors of personal protective equipment utilization. As a result, close workplace supervision, safety training, and availing guidelines are the recommendations to be in place.

Keywords:  Ethiopia; Utilization; factory worker; personal protective equipment.