Two new oligomer mixed ligand complexes, comprising 21 ([Co21(phen)42(bipy)21]Cl42 (C2)) and 100 monomerunits ([Co100(phen)200(bipy)100]Cl200 (C3)) were synthesized. These complexes, designated as [Co21(phen)42(-bipy)21]Cl42 (C2) and [Co100(phen)200(bipy)100]Cl200 (C3), were employed for the modification of a glassycarbon electrode (GCE) to detect ciprofloxacin (CPF) in tablet formulations and human urine samples. Bypotentiodynamic deposition, the modified electrodes (poly(C2)/GCE) and (poly(C3)/GCE) were prepared,forming a conductive electroactive film on the GCE surface. The modified electrodes were characterized usingcyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which revealed an increased effective surfacearea and a significant reduction in charge transfer resistance of the electrode. An oxidative peak at a lowerpotential with a six-fold increase in peak current was observed at the poly(C2)/GCE. The absence of a reductivepeak in the reverse scan indicated the irreversibility of the electrochemical oxidation of CPF. The correlationcoefficient between the peak current and the square root of the scan rate indicated that CPF oxidation at the poly(C2)/GCE was primarily controlled by diffusion mass transport. With a detection limit of 3.4 × 10 9 M, thevoltammetric current response of CPF at the poly(C2)/GCE under optimal circumstances showed a linear trendwith concentrations ranging from 5.0 × 10 8 to 2.0 × 10 4 M. It was discovered that the CPF levels in theexamined tablet brands fell between 98.35 % and 101.30 % of their stated ranges. The recovery results for tabletand urine samples ranged from 99.44 % to 99.95 % and 99.25 % to 100.51 %, respectively, with interferencerecovery showing an error of less than 4.73 %. When it came to determining CPF in tablet formulations andhuman urine samples, the new approach outperformed recently published voltammetric methods. This superi-ority can be attributed to the simplicity of the electrode modification step, the lowest limit of detection, and areasonably wide linear dynamic range.
Keywords: Electrochemical determination; Ciprofloxacin; Poly(μ-4,4′-bipyridine(bis(1,10-phenanthroline))cobalt(II)chloride)); Glassy carbon electrodeTablet formulations

Abstract: Understanding how land use and land cover (LULC) changes affect soil erosion is essentialfor effective management of watershed areas. This study used Geographic Information Systems(GISs) and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to analyze the impact of LULCchanges on soil erosion in the Dondor Watershed. Remote sensing data, including Landsat andSentinel-2 satellite images, alongside field surveys, topographic data, rainfall, and soil data wereused. The results showed agricultural land as the primary LULC type, increasing from 43.49% in2002 to 59.10% in 2023. Forest and built-up areas also expanded, while grassland decreased. Soilerosion estimates revealed that more than 85% of the watershed experienced very slight erosionthough the average annual soil loss increased from 4.98 t ha−1 year−1 in 2002 to 7.96 t ha−1 year−1in 2023. Agriculture and built-up areas were identified as the primary contributors to erosion. Thisstudy underscores the importance of monitoring LULC dynamics for responsible land managementand conservation efforts in the watershed.Keywords: Dondor watershed; land use land cover change; soil erosion; RUSLE

Multimetric assessment is one of the important tools for diagnosing, detecting and measuring impairment inecosystem function in lentic ecosystems. It enhances detection capabilities across a broader variety of stressorsand offers a more complete picture of ecological conditions than single metrics or biological indicators. In thiscontext, a diatom-based multimetric index (MMI-D) has been developed to evaluate the ecological health ofLake Hawassa. Physicochemical and benthic diatom sampling was conducted at nine sites along the lakeshore,representing varying levels of human disturbance, from February to November in2015 and 2016. The sampling siteswere classified a priori into three categories: minimally disturbed (three sites), moderately disturbed (three sites) andhighly disturbed (three sites). This classification, was based on a clustering analysis using the percent disturbancescore (PDS). Of the 24-diatom candidate metrics, only ten were chosen as core metrics for the development ofMMI-D, based on redundancy analysis, reaction to environmental conditions, percent discriminatory efficiency (%DE)and box plots. The newly established MMI-D clearly distinguished between reference and non-reference sites, andbetween the lake’s three clusters. The MMI-D’s performance was validated using independent data sets from lakesHawassa and Ziway and it demonstrated the best capability for discrimination between different disturbance levels.MMI-D 2-stage Least Squares (2SLS) regression analysis revealed an inverse but robust connection with the PDS,indicating its responsiveness to Lake Hawassa habitat quality degradation (n = 9, R2 = 0.921, p < 0.001). The MMI-Drevealed a high %DE (95.1%) and a negative but significant connection with nutrients, total suspended solids (TSS),and turbidity (R2 > 0.6; p < 0.05). Generally, it can be concluded that this index is a powerful tool that could assistendusers by providing a practical method for measuring the ecological quality of Lake Hawassa.Keywords: benthic diatoms, ecological quality, Lake Ziway, redundancy analysis, validation

Introduction Vaccination is a critical public health intervention that significantly reduces morbidity and mortalityamong children. Despite its importance, vaccination coverage remains suboptimal in many regions, including EastGojam, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. This study investigated the sociodemographic, economic, and cultural determinantsof vaccination status among pediatric populations in East Gojam.Methods Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 1,900 respondents, categorizing vaccinationstatus as not vaccinated, partially vaccinated, or fully vaccinated. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyzethe impact of predictors such as child age, gender, parental education level, household income, geographic location,access to healthcare, trust in healthcare providers, sources of vaccination information, cultural beliefs, and perceivedgovernment support for vaccination.Results The results revealed that higher parental education levels and urban residence positively influence vac-cination status. Older children were less likely to be fully vaccinated, indicating a need for targeted outreach. Accessto healthcare services and trust in healthcare providers significantly promoted vaccination, whereas negative culturalbeliefs and misinformation adversely affected vaccination status. Perceived government support for vaccinationwas also a significant predictor.Conclusion This study concludes that addressing these multifaceted determinants through educational programs,improved healthcare access, trust-building initiatives, accurate information dissemination, stronger governmentalsupport, targeted outreach for older children, community engagement, and multisectoral collaboration can enhancevaccination coverage and improve public health outcomes in East Gojam and similar settings.Keywords Vaccination, Pediatric populations, Ethiopia, Sociodemographic factors, Health services accessibility,Cultural beliefs, Trust in healthcare providers, Parental education, Multinomial logistic regression

Abstract

Introduction: The most common and severe cause of morbidity and mortality among HIV- positive children is opportunistic infections (OIs). All HIV-infected children are at risk of developing a variety of OIs. Healthcare workers, programmers, and other stakeholders are in doubt about using the onset and predictors of OIs among schoolchildren on antiretroviral therapy (ART) due to the presence of conflicting results found in the primary studies. Hence, this study was conducted to provide a single figure of onset and specific predictors of OIs by overcoming the existing heterogeneity in Ethiopia.
Methods: The included studies were searched from different national and international databases systematically. The included studies were cohort in design and published in English between 2015 and 2022. The data were extracted using a validated Microsoft Excel tool after the quality of the included studies was assured. The extracted data were exported to Stata Version 17.0 for further management and analysis. The presence of heterogeneity across studies was checked using the Chi-square test and quantified using the I 2 test. Various methods, including forest plots, publication bias assessment, sensitivity tests, subgroup analysis, and meta-regression, were employed to determine the source of heterogeneity, but none were successful. The overall onset of OIs was estimated by pooling the incidence of primary studies using a random-effects meta-analysis model. The predictors were identified using meta-regression and the presence of significant association was declared using a p-value of 0.05 with 95% CI. The strength of association was reported using an adjusted hazard ratio with 95% CI.
Results: Eleven studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The onset of OIs among schoolchildren on ART in Ethiopia was 5.58 (95% CI: 4.50, 6.67) per 100 children-years of OI-free observations. Those children who had no parents had a 1.41 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.80) times higher chance of getting OIs when compared with those children having one or both parents. Children who had poor ART adherence had a 2.96 (95% CI: 1.66, 5.29) times higher chance of experiencing OIs than children who had good ART adherence. Finally, the chance of experiencing OIs among rural children was 2.15 (95% CI: 1.63, 2.83) times higher than their counterparts in Ethiopia.
Conclusions: Three in every 33 schoolchildren on ART developed OIs in Ethiopia. Predictors of OIs included schoolchildren without parents, those with poor adherence to ART, and rural residents. This suggests that social support, medication adherence, and access to healthcare services may play important roles in preventing and controlling OIs among schoolchildren living with HIV in rural areas.

Keywords:  Ethiopia; children on ART; onset and predictors; opportunistic infections; schoolchildren.

AbstractIntroduction Despite the existence of numerous blood donation centers globally, there remains a significant gapbetween the demand and supply of blood. In Ethiopia, replacement blood donation is more common than voluntarydonation. The National Blood Bank of Ethiopia collects approximately 200,000 units of blood each year, while thedaily requirement is 18,000 units. Donors’ knowledge and attitudes are vital for ensuring a steady blood supply. Thissystematic review and meta-analysis sought to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of Ethiopian residents regardingblood donation and the factors influencing them.Methods Relevant research articles were identified through searches of various databases. Data extraction andorganization were performed using Microsoft Excel, and the data were then analyzed using STATA/MP 17.0. Aweighted inverse variance random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval was employed to pool the data.Heterogeneity was examined with the Galbraith plot and Cochrane I² statistics. To identify sources of heterogeneity,meta-regression, subgroup analysis, and sensitivity analysis were conducted. Publication bias was assessed usingEgger’s test and managed with trim and fill analysis. The adjusted odds ratio was calculated to explore the relationshipbetween knowledge and attitudes towards blood donation, with a significance threshold of p < 0.05.Results The pooled prevalence of favorable attitudes towards blood donation was 65.95%. Moderators such as studyyear (p = 0.72), publication year (p = 0.877), and sample size (p = 0.291) were not significant, indicating they did notcontribute to heterogeneity. Studies from Northern Ethiopia reported the highest prevalence of favorable attitudes at69.95%, while research on healthcare workers also indicated a high proportion of favorable attitudes at 69.29%. Therewas a significant association between knowledge and attitudes towards blood donation (AOR = 2.03).Conclusion The pooled prevalence of favorable attitudes towards blood donation was 65.95%, with the highestlevels observed in Northern Ethiopia and among healthcare workers. A significant association between knowledgeand positive attitudes towards blood donation was found. To enhance attitudes towards blood donation, increasingpublic awareness and education about the importance and safety of donating blood is crucial.Keywords Blood, Blood donation, Knowledge, Attitude, Systematic review, Meta-analysis, Ethiopia

Introduction: The most common and severe cause of morbidity and mortalityamong HIV- positive children is opportunistic infections (OIs). All HIV-infectedchildren are at risk of developing a variety of OIs. Healthcare workers,programmers, and other stakeholders are in doubt about using the onset andpredictors of OIs among schoolchildren on antiretroviral therapy (ART) due tothe presence of conflicting results found in the primary studies. Hence, thisstudy was conducted to provide a single figure of onset and specificpredictors of OIs by overcoming the existing heterogeneity in Ethiopia.Methods: The included studies were searched from different national andinternational databases systematically. The included studies were cohort indesign and published in English between 2015 and 2022. The data wereextracted using a validated Microsoft Excel tool after the quality of theincluded studies was assured. The extracted data were exported to StataVersion 17.0 for further management and analysis. The presence ofheterogeneity across studies was checked using the Chi-square test andquantified using the I2 test. Various methods, including forest plots,publication bias assessment, sensitivity tests, subgroup analysis, andmeta-regression, were employed to determine the source of heterogeneity,but none were successful. The overall onset of OIs was estimated by poolingthe incidence of primary studies using a random-effects meta-analysis model.The predictors were identified using meta-regression and the presence ofsignificant association was declared using a p-value of 0.05 with 95% CI. Thestrength of association was reported using an adjusted hazard ratio with 95% CI.Results: Eleven studies were included in this systematic review andmeta-analysis. The onset of OIs among schoolchildren on ART in Ethiopia was5.58 (95% CI: 4.50, 6.67) per 100 children-years of OI-free observations.Those children who had no parents had a 1.41 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.80) timeshigher chance of getting OIs when compared with those children having oneor both parents. Children who had poor ART adherence had a 2.96 (95% CI:1.66, 5.29) times higher chance of experiencing OIs than children who hadgood ART adherence. Finally, the chance of experiencing OIs amongrural children was 2.15 (95% CI: 1.63, 2.83) times higher than theircounterparts in Ethiopia.
Conclusions: Three in every 33 schoolchildren on ART developed OIs in Ethiopia.Predictors of OIs included schoolchildren without parents, those with pooradherence to ART, and rural residents. This suggests that social support,medication adherence, and access to healthcare services may play importantroles in preventing and controlling OIs among schoolchildren living with HIV inrural areas.KEYWORDS: schoolchildren, opportunistic infections, onset and predictors, children on ART, Ethiopia
 

Now adays people express and share their opinions on various events on the internet thanks to socialmedia. Opinion mining is the process of interpreting user-generated opinion data on social media.Aside from its lack of resources in opinion-mining tasks, Amharic presents numerous difficultiesbecause of its complex structure and variety of dialects. Analyzing every comment written in Amharicis a challenging task. Significant advancements in opinion mining have been achieved using deeplearning. An opinion-mining model was used in this study to classify user comments written in Amharicas positive or negative. The domains that we focus on in this study are YouTube and Facebook. Fromthe Ethiopian broadcasts YouTube and Facebook official pages, we gathered 11,872 unstructured datafor this study using www.exportcomment.com, and Facebook page tools. Text preprocessing andfeature extraction techniques were used, in addition to manual annotation by linguistic specialists.The dataset was prepared for the experiment after annotation, preprocessing, and representation.LSTM, GRU, BiGRU, BiLSTM, and a hybrid of CNN with BiLSTM classifiers from the TensorFlow Kerasdeep learning library were used to train the model using the dataset, which was split using the 80/20train-test method, which proved effective for classification problems. Finally, we achieved of 94.27%,95.20%, 95.49%, 95.62%, and 96.08% using GRU, BiGRU, LSTM, BiLSTM, and CNN with BiLSTM,respectively, in word2vec embedding model.Keywords: Opinion mining, Deep learning, Recurrent neural network, Word2vec, Fast text

Background: Healthcare-associated infections occur in patients under medical care, which is a major public health issue in hospitals worldwide. The prevalence is two to three folds higher in developing countries compared to developed countries. Inanimate objects used by healthcare professionals such as gowns, mobile phones, and stethoscopes are highly prone to bacterial contamination from the healthcare setting. In Ethiopia, there is a paucity of published data on the bacterial profile and susceptibility patterns of an isolates.
Objective: To determine the bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from inanimate objects used by healthcare professionals and associated factors at Debre Markos Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Debre Markos Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from inanimate objects from April 10, 2023 to June 30, 2023 using simple random sampling technique with lottery method. Socio-demographic data was collected using a structured questionnaire. A swab sample from healthcare professionals' gowns, mobile phones, and stethoscopes were collected and inoculated onto blood agar, chocolate and MacConkey agar. Isolates were identified and characterized by colony morphology, Gram staining and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed in all isolates by the disk diffusion technique on Muller Hinton agar according to CLSI, 2022 guidelines. Data was entered into EPI-Data and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Logistic regression model was used. Variables with p-value ≤ 0.25 in bivariable logistic regression was fitted to multivariate logistic regression analysis. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 with 95%CI was considered statistically significant.
Result: A total of 376 healthcare professionals' inanimate objects were included from 191 study participants. Overall, 60.1% (226/376) (95%CI: 55.1-65) inanimate objects were contaminated. The proportion of bacterial contamination was (65.1%; 82/126), (60.3%; 76/126) and (54.8%; 68/124) for mobile phones, gowns and stethoscopes, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent isolate accounting (22.1%; 83/376) followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis (17.0%; 64/376), Escherichia coli (8.8%; 33/376) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.9%; 18/376). Working in gynecology/ obstetrics wards (AOR: 8.69; 95%CI: 1.09-69.41, P = 0.041), did not disinfect mobile phones (AOR: 2.69; 95%CI: 1.15-6.25; P = 0.021) and stethoscopes regularly (AOR: 3.06, 95%CI: 1.23-7.59; P = 0.016), carry mobile phones with patient care materials (AOR: 2.72; 95%CI: 1.18-6.29, P = 0.019) and not taken infection prevention training (AOR:3.91; 95%CI:1.71-8.93; P = 0.001) were significantly associated with bacterial contamination.Most Gram-negative bacteria were resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and amoxacilline-clavunic acid, while Gram-positive isolates showed high level of resistant to penicillin. On the other hand, meropenem, for Gram-negative and clindamycin for Gram-positive bacteria showed lower level of resistance. Multidrug resistance among Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were (62.6%; 92/147) and (75.3%; 64/85), respectively with over all MDR (67.2%, 156/232).
Conclusion:  Inanimate objects commonly used by healthcare professionals are important sources of bacterial contamination. S. aureus, S. epidermidis and E. coli were the predominant isolates. Most Gram-negative bacteria were resistant to ampicillin while Gram-positive isolates showed high level of resistant to penicillin. All healthcare professionals should regularly disinfect their inanimate objects to prevent bacterial colonization and potential spread of infection.

Background
Digital health is a new health field initiative. Health professionals require security in digital places because cybercriminals target health care professionals. Therefore, millions of medical records have been breached for money. Regarding digital security, there is a gap in studies in limited-resource countries. Therefore, surveying health professionals’ attitudes toward digital health data security has a significant purpose for interventions.


Objective
This study aimed to assess the attitudes of health professionals toward digital health data security and their associated factors in a resource-limited country.


Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted to measure health professionals’ attitudes toward digital health data security. The sample size was calculated using a single population. A pretest was conducted to measure consistency. Binary logistic regression was used to identify associated factors. For multivariable logistic analysis, a P value ≤.20 was selected using Stata software (version 16; StataCorp LP).


Results
Of the total sample, 95% (402/423) of health professionals participated in the study. Of all participants, 63.2% (254/402) were male, and the mean age of the respondents was 34.5 (SD 5.87) years. The proportion of health professionals who had a favorable attitude toward digital health data security at specialized teaching hospitals was 60.9% (95% CI 56.0%‐65.6%). Educational status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.292, 95% CI 1.16‐9.34), basic computer skills (AOR 1.807, 95% CI 1.11‐2.938), knowledge (AOR 3.238, 95% CI 2.0‐5.218), and perceived usefulness (AOR 1.965, 95% CI 1.063‐3.632) were factors associated with attitudes toward digital health data security.


Conclusions
This study aimed to assess health professionals’ attitudes toward digital health data security. Interventions on educational status, basic computer skills, knowledge, and perceived usefulness are important for improving health professionals’ attitudes. Improving the attitudes of health professionals related to digital data security is necessary for digitalization in the health care arena.